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<p>Metal halide perovskite derivatives (A<sub>3</sub>B<sub>2</sub>X<sub>9</sub>) are attractive alternatives to toxic and unstable lead-based perovskites, but their optoelectronic performance is often limited by poor film morphology and zero-dimensional (0D) crystal structures. Here, we report an amine gas post-treatment strategy that simultaneously improves film uniformity and transforms Cs₃Sb₂I₉ from a 0D phase into a two-dimensional (2D) layered phase. The transformation is driven by the reversible adsorption and desorption of amine molecules, which induce coordination-mediated liquefaction and subsequent recrystallization of the material. Among the amines investigated, the liquefaction capability increases with alkyl-chain length, leading to progressive improvements in film morphology and 2D phase purity. Consequently, butylamine (BA⁰)-treated Cs<sub>3</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> solar cells exhibit nearly an order of magnitude improvements in both short-circuit current density and power conversion efficiency compared to untreated reference devices. This work demonstrates the broad applicability of amine-gas treatment to all-inorganic perovskites and their derivatives for optoelectronic applications.</p>

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Simultaneous optimization of film morphology and structure dimensionality in Cs3Sb2I9 through butylamine gas treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Fuxiang Ji,
  • Tristan Sachsenweger Ballantyne,
  • Kazem Meraji,
  • Sharun Parayil Shaji,
  • Laura Nicolette Schusser,
  • Sandile Kumalo,
  • Wolfgang Tress

摘要

Metal halide perovskite derivatives (A3B2X9) are attractive alternatives to toxic and unstable lead-based perovskites, but their optoelectronic performance is often limited by poor film morphology and zero-dimensional (0D) crystal structures. Here, we report an amine gas post-treatment strategy that simultaneously improves film uniformity and transforms Cs₃Sb₂I₉ from a 0D phase into a two-dimensional (2D) layered phase. The transformation is driven by the reversible adsorption and desorption of amine molecules, which induce coordination-mediated liquefaction and subsequent recrystallization of the material. Among the amines investigated, the liquefaction capability increases with alkyl-chain length, leading to progressive improvements in film morphology and 2D phase purity. Consequently, butylamine (BA⁰)-treated Cs3Sb2I9 solar cells exhibit nearly an order of magnitude improvements in both short-circuit current density and power conversion efficiency compared to untreated reference devices. This work demonstrates the broad applicability of amine-gas treatment to all-inorganic perovskites and their derivatives for optoelectronic applications.