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<p>Electric Vehicles (EVs) are vital for decarbonization but intensify critical material demand. Existing studies often fall short in precise assessments of material demand and its reduction potential due to overlooking real-world EV characteristics and their inherent spatial, segmental, and technological heterogeneity. To fill this gap, this study adopts a bottom-up multi-dataset fusion approach, providing high-resolution characterizations of segment mix, battery capacity, and battery chemistry mix across five passenger vehicle segments covering China’s 31 provinces and 29 EU countries. Results indicate significant shifts of per-EV use of lithium, cobalt, and nickel between 2019 and 2023: −6%, −68%, −41% in China, and +15%, –25%, +29% in the EU, respectively. Battery chemistry mix emerges as a dominant factor, reducing cobalt use by 7.2 kg per vehicle in China and 3.6 kg in the EU, more than offsetting the increases attributable to the other characteristics, and explaining 38%–86% of the material use gaps between the two regions. The findings highlight critical pathways for reducing critical material demand through strategic technological choices and policy design.</p>

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Battery chemistry mix predominantly explains disparities in critical material use for electric passenger vehicles

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Lang Mai,
  • Han Hao,
  • Ming Liu,
  • Xin Sun,
  • Fanran Meng,
  • Yong Geng,
  • Zia Wadud,
  • James E. Tate,
  • Zhenyu Dong,
  • Haoyang Li,
  • Jingxuan Geng,
  • Hao Dou,
  • Yunfeng Deng,
  • Fanlong Bai,
  • Zongwei Liu,
  • Fuquan Zhao

摘要

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are vital for decarbonization but intensify critical material demand. Existing studies often fall short in precise assessments of material demand and its reduction potential due to overlooking real-world EV characteristics and their inherent spatial, segmental, and technological heterogeneity. To fill this gap, this study adopts a bottom-up multi-dataset fusion approach, providing high-resolution characterizations of segment mix, battery capacity, and battery chemistry mix across five passenger vehicle segments covering China’s 31 provinces and 29 EU countries. Results indicate significant shifts of per-EV use of lithium, cobalt, and nickel between 2019 and 2023: −6%, −68%, −41% in China, and +15%, –25%, +29% in the EU, respectively. Battery chemistry mix emerges as a dominant factor, reducing cobalt use by 7.2 kg per vehicle in China and 3.6 kg in the EU, more than offsetting the increases attributable to the other characteristics, and explaining 38%–86% of the material use gaps between the two regions. The findings highlight critical pathways for reducing critical material demand through strategic technological choices and policy design.