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<p>Electrochemical detection of heavy metals in complex matrices, such as biofluids, food, and water, using bismuth-based composites allows for point-of-care diagnostics in healthcare, food safety, and environmental monitoring. However, challenges remain in commercialization, particularly due to electrode fouling and sensitivity loss. This study introduces a robust antifouling coating consisting of a 3D porous cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA) matrix and 2D g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, supported by conductive bismuth tungstate. This composite effectively prevents nonspecific interactions, enhances electron transfer, and maintains 90% of the signal after one month in untreated human plasma, serum, and wastewater. It enables sensitive and multiplexed detection of heavy metals in plasma, serum, and water, providing a simple, stable, and efficient solution for the development of electrochemical sensors.</p>

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Antifouling bismuth composite for robust electrochemical detection of heavy metals in complex matrices

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Yahong Wang,
  • Ziang Xu,
  • Xiangying Jin,
  • Bo Zhao,
  • Wenchao Jia,
  • Danping Xie

摘要

Electrochemical detection of heavy metals in complex matrices, such as biofluids, food, and water, using bismuth-based composites allows for point-of-care diagnostics in healthcare, food safety, and environmental monitoring. However, challenges remain in commercialization, particularly due to electrode fouling and sensitivity loss. This study introduces a robust antifouling coating consisting of a 3D porous cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA) matrix and 2D g-C3N4, supported by conductive bismuth tungstate. This composite effectively prevents nonspecific interactions, enhances electron transfer, and maintains 90% of the signal after one month in untreated human plasma, serum, and wastewater. It enables sensitive and multiplexed detection of heavy metals in plasma, serum, and water, providing a simple, stable, and efficient solution for the development of electrochemical sensors.