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<p>Light-responsive materials with intrinsic negative feedback enable self-oscillation in non-equilibrium states. Conventional systems rely on self-shadowing in bending modes but fail when shadowing is constrained. Here, we demonstrate that external mechanical forces can bypass this limitation, enabling sustained oscillations without complete shadowing. Using a vertically suspended light-responsive liquid crystal network (LCN) strip under constant irradiation, a transition from static deformation to continuous oscillation arises when a critical load is applied. This system reveals two key phenomena: (1) oscillation amplitude scales with light intensity, reaching an angular displacement of 300°—significantly surpassing bending-mode oscillators; and (2) oscillation frequency decreases with increasing load, reflecting intrinsic mechanical sensitivity. This force-assisted self-oscillation principle generalizes across diverse deformation modes, including bending, twisting, contraction, and off-axis LCN strips. By mimicking biological mechanosensation based on dissipative mechanism, our findings provide a simplified design for non-equilibrium matter capable of dynamic adaptation to mechanical loads.</p>

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A light-fueled self-oscillator that senses force

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月5日

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  • Zixuan Deng,
  • Arri Priimagi,
  • Kai Li,
  • Hao Zeng

摘要

Light-responsive materials with intrinsic negative feedback enable self-oscillation in non-equilibrium states. Conventional systems rely on self-shadowing in bending modes but fail when shadowing is constrained. Here, we demonstrate that external mechanical forces can bypass this limitation, enabling sustained oscillations without complete shadowing. Using a vertically suspended light-responsive liquid crystal network (LCN) strip under constant irradiation, a transition from static deformation to continuous oscillation arises when a critical load is applied. This system reveals two key phenomena: (1) oscillation amplitude scales with light intensity, reaching an angular displacement of 300°—significantly surpassing bending-mode oscillators; and (2) oscillation frequency decreases with increasing load, reflecting intrinsic mechanical sensitivity. This force-assisted self-oscillation principle generalizes across diverse deformation modes, including bending, twisting, contraction, and off-axis LCN strips. By mimicking biological mechanosensation based on dissipative mechanism, our findings provide a simplified design for non-equilibrium matter capable of dynamic adaptation to mechanical loads.