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<p>Dissolved oxygen (DO) supports aerobic respiration of aquatic organisms and biogeochemical cycles involved in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Widespread freshwater deoxygenation is threatening the health and function of aquatic systems. In this Review, we outline global trends, drivers, impacts and potential mitigation measures of deoxygenation in inland freshwater systems. Surface water DO concentrations have declined rapidly in lakes (–0.034 mg l<sup>–1</sup> decade<sup>–1</sup> in summer throughout 2003–2023) and rivers (–0.043 mg l<sup>–1</sup> decade<sup>–1</sup> year-round throughout 1980–2023). The highest rate of DO decline is in Asian lakes (–0.043 mg l<sup>–1</sup> decade<sup>–1</sup>) and the Amazon River Basin (–0.2 mg l<sup>–1</sup> decade<sup>–1</sup>); conversely, DO levels have increased in 25.4% of rivers, particularly in Western Africa and Southeast Asia. Climate warming amplifies deoxygenation through prolonged stratification, reduced DO solubility and increased microbial respiration. Human activities also contribute to deoxygenation; for example, agricultural runoff drives eutrophication and DO loss; this effect is exacerbated by extreme rainfall events. Deoxygenation creates positive biogeochemical feedbacks that accelerate ecosystem degradation and restructure biological communities. Additionally, deoxygenation has negative socioeconomic impacts, reducing fishing yields, demand for freshwater-based recreational activities and drinking water quality and availability. Improved management and mitigation of deoxygenation will require DO monitoring networks, nutrient management, ecological restoration, integrated DO predictive models and adaptive governance with stakeholder engagement.</p>

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Deoxygenation in inland freshwater systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Kun Shi,
  • R. Iestyn Woolway,
  • Qi Guan,
  • Wenqiang Zhang,
  • Chenxi Mi,
  • Yibo Zhang,
  • Wei Zhi,
  • Jianjun Wang,
  • Hai Xu,
  • Yongqiang Zhou,
  • Liping Hu,
  • Xiangzhen Kong,
  • Yi Luo,
  • Senlin Zhu,
  • Peter R. Leavitt,
  • Matthew J. Bogard,
  • Stephen F. Jane,
  • Ayan Fleischmann,
  • Joachim Jansen,
  • Li Li,
  • Shenglei Wang,
  • Yong Liu,
  • Robert Ladwig,
  • Xiwen Wang,
  • Changchun Huang,
  • Erik Jeppesen,
  • Peng Chen,
  • Boqiang Qin

摘要

Dissolved oxygen (DO) supports aerobic respiration of aquatic organisms and biogeochemical cycles involved in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Widespread freshwater deoxygenation is threatening the health and function of aquatic systems. In this Review, we outline global trends, drivers, impacts and potential mitigation measures of deoxygenation in inland freshwater systems. Surface water DO concentrations have declined rapidly in lakes (–0.034 mg l–1 decade–1 in summer throughout 2003–2023) and rivers (–0.043 mg l–1 decade–1 year-round throughout 1980–2023). The highest rate of DO decline is in Asian lakes (–0.043 mg l–1 decade–1) and the Amazon River Basin (–0.2 mg l–1 decade–1); conversely, DO levels have increased in 25.4% of rivers, particularly in Western Africa and Southeast Asia. Climate warming amplifies deoxygenation through prolonged stratification, reduced DO solubility and increased microbial respiration. Human activities also contribute to deoxygenation; for example, agricultural runoff drives eutrophication and DO loss; this effect is exacerbated by extreme rainfall events. Deoxygenation creates positive biogeochemical feedbacks that accelerate ecosystem degradation and restructure biological communities. Additionally, deoxygenation has negative socioeconomic impacts, reducing fishing yields, demand for freshwater-based recreational activities and drinking water quality and availability. Improved management and mitigation of deoxygenation will require DO monitoring networks, nutrient management, ecological restoration, integrated DO predictive models and adaptive governance with stakeholder engagement.