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<p>As the largest driver of nutrient imbalances, water use and biodiversity loss, and as a major contributor to climate change, global food production poses a threat to the long-term environmental stability of the planet. Excessive use of fertilizers in agriculture causes eutrophication and hypoxia; land use change has led to an unprecedented loss of soil carbon and biodiversity; water use is stressing regions and affecting local crop productivity and food security. These impacts are all exacerbated by increasing demand for resource-intensive foods and international trade that shifts environmental impacts beyond national borders. In this Review, we synthesize the vast literature describing the food system and its bidirectional effects with environmental pressures. We examine the major impacts of the food system on the environment and then explore how these impacts affect cropland production, livestock systems and production from aquatic environments (blue foods). We conclude with a summary of strategies that help to tackle food system pressures and inefficiencies and provide suggestions for future research and policy.</p>

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Broad bidirectional effects of global food production on the environment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • José M. Mogollón,
  • Michalis Hadjikakou,
  • Oliver Taherzadeh,
  • Esther N. Ngumbi,
  • Hannah H. E. van Zanten,
  • Nandita B. Basu,
  • Anniek J. Kortleve,
  • Paul Behrens

摘要

As the largest driver of nutrient imbalances, water use and biodiversity loss, and as a major contributor to climate change, global food production poses a threat to the long-term environmental stability of the planet. Excessive use of fertilizers in agriculture causes eutrophication and hypoxia; land use change has led to an unprecedented loss of soil carbon and biodiversity; water use is stressing regions and affecting local crop productivity and food security. These impacts are all exacerbated by increasing demand for resource-intensive foods and international trade that shifts environmental impacts beyond national borders. In this Review, we synthesize the vast literature describing the food system and its bidirectional effects with environmental pressures. We examine the major impacts of the food system on the environment and then explore how these impacts affect cropland production, livestock systems and production from aquatic environments (blue foods). We conclude with a summary of strategies that help to tackle food system pressures and inefficiencies and provide suggestions for future research and policy.