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<p>Urbanization reshapes terrestrial carbon (C) storage by converting vegetated surfaces to impervious cover and altering biophysical and socioeconomic dynamics. We quantified the changes between 2000 and 2020 in the relative C deficit (RCD), the difference in C density between rural and urban zones, to isolate urbanization’s C storage shortfalls across 225 cities in mainland China. Nationally, declines in vegetation index and greenspace ratio strongly co-varied with higher RCD. Climate associations with RCD were nonlinear: mean annual temperature was positively associated with RCD mainly between 13.3 and 20.4 °C, whereas precipitation was positively associated with RCD above 1403 mm. Socioeconomic associations with RCD were also suggestive nonlinear patterns: GDP disparity was negatively associated with RCD approximately below 0.46 million USD km⁻² and above 3.23 million USD km⁻², but was positively associated outside these ranges. Warming was associated with lower RCD in the northeastern and southeastern regions but with higher RCD elsewhere, while the association with GDP disparity was also region-specific. These findings underscore that RCD patterns hinge on regional ecological and developmental context. Tailored strategies, combining climate-sensitive greening, blue-green infrastructure, and compact urban form, can help narrow RCD, guide urban ecosystem management and support China’s long-term C-neutrality goals.</p>

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Spatial heterogeneity of ecological and socioeconomic factors associated with relative carbon deficits in cities in China

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Yihong Liu,
  • Mingkai Jiang,
  • Yan Wang,
  • Yunying Fang,
  • Ouping Deng,
  • Tony Vancov,
  • Xinli Chen,
  • Baojing Gu,
  • Longlong Xia,
  • Zhaowu Yu,
  • Weiqi Zhou,
  • Ximing Hou,
  • Huajun Feng,
  • Yongfu Li,
  • Bing Yu,
  • Scott X. Chang,
  • Yanjiang Cai

摘要

Urbanization reshapes terrestrial carbon (C) storage by converting vegetated surfaces to impervious cover and altering biophysical and socioeconomic dynamics. We quantified the changes between 2000 and 2020 in the relative C deficit (RCD), the difference in C density between rural and urban zones, to isolate urbanization’s C storage shortfalls across 225 cities in mainland China. Nationally, declines in vegetation index and greenspace ratio strongly co-varied with higher RCD. Climate associations with RCD were nonlinear: mean annual temperature was positively associated with RCD mainly between 13.3 and 20.4 °C, whereas precipitation was positively associated with RCD above 1403 mm. Socioeconomic associations with RCD were also suggestive nonlinear patterns: GDP disparity was negatively associated with RCD approximately below 0.46 million USD km⁻² and above 3.23 million USD km⁻², but was positively associated outside these ranges. Warming was associated with lower RCD in the northeastern and southeastern regions but with higher RCD elsewhere, while the association with GDP disparity was also region-specific. These findings underscore that RCD patterns hinge on regional ecological and developmental context. Tailored strategies, combining climate-sensitive greening, blue-green infrastructure, and compact urban form, can help narrow RCD, guide urban ecosystem management and support China’s long-term C-neutrality goals.