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<p>Technology companies work with governments to increase business opportunities, foster innovation and diversify investment and expertise in smart cities. However, the heightened pace of technological advancements in artificial intelligence, big data analytics, information and communication technologies, the Internet of Things and autonomous systems presents regulatory challenges for inclusive development owing to their inherent uncertainty and unpredictability. To understand how technology companies drive smart city innovation, we ask: How can governments design policies for regulating innovation clusters and networks in inclusive smart cities? We analyse patents collected from PatSnap (a global patent database) and the annual reports of selected technology companies. Our results indicate a heterogeneous and dynamic landscape spanning smart city innovations, digital products, and the geographical location, connections and composition of patent holders. We derive policy implications for dynamic regulatory design, addressing information asymmetry, policy calibration and the development of regulatory sandboxes and living labs for inclusive smart cities.</p>

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Smart city innovation networks and patents: Implications for regulatory design towards inclusive development

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Kritika Sha,
  • Araz Taeihagh

摘要

Technology companies work with governments to increase business opportunities, foster innovation and diversify investment and expertise in smart cities. However, the heightened pace of technological advancements in artificial intelligence, big data analytics, information and communication technologies, the Internet of Things and autonomous systems presents regulatory challenges for inclusive development owing to their inherent uncertainty and unpredictability. To understand how technology companies drive smart city innovation, we ask: How can governments design policies for regulating innovation clusters and networks in inclusive smart cities? We analyse patents collected from PatSnap (a global patent database) and the annual reports of selected technology companies. Our results indicate a heterogeneous and dynamic landscape spanning smart city innovations, digital products, and the geographical location, connections and composition of patent holders. We derive policy implications for dynamic regulatory design, addressing information asymmetry, policy calibration and the development of regulatory sandboxes and living labs for inclusive smart cities.