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<p>This study examines the practical realities of implementing inclusive city policies in three European port cities—Antwerp, Rotterdam, and Gothenburg—through a comparative case study. Drawing on actor-centered institutionalism framework, it analyzes policy implementation across three interacting elements: content, actors, and context. We conducted a comparison of 12 inclusive initiatives based on 24 policy documents, 18 municipal website news, and 29 semi-structured interviews. Findings show that, despite shared goals of reducing inequality and exclusion, differences in governance structures influence policy implementation. The analysis further identifies six interdependent key factors for policy success: high-quality policy design, integrated approach, cross-sector and interdepartmental collaboration, citizen and community engagement, resource allocation, and political will and commitment. This study advances actor-centered institutionalism framework by incorporating policy content as a dynamic element and emphasizing institutional context. This enriches the theoretical framework for policy implementation and provides policymakers with analytical tools to promote inclusive urban governance.</p>

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Challenges of implementing inclusive city policies in three European port cities

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Run Zhao,
  • Jurian Edelenbos,
  • Martin de Jong,
  • Warda Belabas,
  • Emma Björner

摘要

This study examines the practical realities of implementing inclusive city policies in three European port cities—Antwerp, Rotterdam, and Gothenburg—through a comparative case study. Drawing on actor-centered institutionalism framework, it analyzes policy implementation across three interacting elements: content, actors, and context. We conducted a comparison of 12 inclusive initiatives based on 24 policy documents, 18 municipal website news, and 29 semi-structured interviews. Findings show that, despite shared goals of reducing inequality and exclusion, differences in governance structures influence policy implementation. The analysis further identifies six interdependent key factors for policy success: high-quality policy design, integrated approach, cross-sector and interdepartmental collaboration, citizen and community engagement, resource allocation, and political will and commitment. This study advances actor-centered institutionalism framework by incorporating policy content as a dynamic element and emphasizing institutional context. This enriches the theoretical framework for policy implementation and provides policymakers with analytical tools to promote inclusive urban governance.