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<p>Understanding and controlling matter at atomic scales is critical for materials science and condensed matter physics, as many macroscopic properties stem from phenomena and mechanisms at sub-nanometre dimensions. Although optical spectroscopy remains a cornerstone of materials characterization, scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) has become an essential tool because of its atomic-level spatial resolution. Terahertz (THz) STM brings together these two approaches by introducing picosecond THz pulses into the STM junction. This enables the exploration and manipulation of electron dynamics, molecular motions and many-body states with both atomic spatial and sub-picosecond temporal resolution. Here, we review the principles, methodologies and applications of THz-STM, highlighting its unique ability to simultaneously access temporal, spatial and energy domains to provide insight into ultrafast nanoscale phenomena and driving advances in next-generation technologies. We project future opportunities for THz-STM in quantum materials, including measuring non-equilibrium quantum topology that may feature Floquet and non-Hermitian physics as well as exploring optical control of superconductivity and light-induced Cooper pairing.</p>

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Ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolution terahertz scanning tunnelling microscopy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • Jiayu Xu,
  • Yunpeng Xia,
  • Qiuyan Lin,
  • Shijing Tan,
  • Bing Wang,
  • Jia-Xin Yin

摘要

Understanding and controlling matter at atomic scales is critical for materials science and condensed matter physics, as many macroscopic properties stem from phenomena and mechanisms at sub-nanometre dimensions. Although optical spectroscopy remains a cornerstone of materials characterization, scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) has become an essential tool because of its atomic-level spatial resolution. Terahertz (THz) STM brings together these two approaches by introducing picosecond THz pulses into the STM junction. This enables the exploration and manipulation of electron dynamics, molecular motions and many-body states with both atomic spatial and sub-picosecond temporal resolution. Here, we review the principles, methodologies and applications of THz-STM, highlighting its unique ability to simultaneously access temporal, spatial and energy domains to provide insight into ultrafast nanoscale phenomena and driving advances in next-generation technologies. We project future opportunities for THz-STM in quantum materials, including measuring non-equilibrium quantum topology that may feature Floquet and non-Hermitian physics as well as exploring optical control of superconductivity and light-induced Cooper pairing.