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<p>When water flows through 1D or 2D channels, its behaviour deviates substantially from the well-established principles of hydrodynamics. This is because reducing the dimensionality of any interacting physical system amplifies interaction effects that are beyond the reach of traditional hydrodynamic equations. In low-dimensional water, hydrogen bonds can become stable enough to arrange water molecules into an ordered state, causing water to behave not only like a liquid but also like a solid in certain respects. In this Review, we explore the relationship between the molecular ordering of water and its ability to flow in low-dimensional channels, using viscosities of bulk water, vapour, and ice as benchmarks. We also provide a brief overview of the key theoretical approaches available for such analyses and discuss ionic transport, which is heavily influenced by the molecular structure of water. The dynamic interaction between low-dimensional water transport and ion-coupled structural features lies at the heart of recent advances in the design and investigation of angstrom-scale biomimetic and neuromorphic channels.</p>

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Structure and flow of low-dimensional water

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月11日

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  • Maxim Trushin,
  • Daria V. Andreeva,
  • Francois M. Peeters,
  • Kostya S. Novoselov

摘要

When water flows through 1D or 2D channels, its behaviour deviates substantially from the well-established principles of hydrodynamics. This is because reducing the dimensionality of any interacting physical system amplifies interaction effects that are beyond the reach of traditional hydrodynamic equations. In low-dimensional water, hydrogen bonds can become stable enough to arrange water molecules into an ordered state, causing water to behave not only like a liquid but also like a solid in certain respects. In this Review, we explore the relationship between the molecular ordering of water and its ability to flow in low-dimensional channels, using viscosities of bulk water, vapour, and ice as benchmarks. We also provide a brief overview of the key theoretical approaches available for such analyses and discuss ionic transport, which is heavily influenced by the molecular structure of water. The dynamic interaction between low-dimensional water transport and ion-coupled structural features lies at the heart of recent advances in the design and investigation of angstrom-scale biomimetic and neuromorphic channels.