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<p>Quantum technology, leveraging non-classical characteristics, enables breakthroughs in computation, communication, and metrology. Entanglement generation is fundamental. However, efficiently creating large-scale entanglement remains challenging. Using 2<sup><i>n</i></sup> physical modes within a single particle has been exploited for encoding <i>n</i>-qubit entanglement, yet this approach is believed to be unscalable. Here, using sequentially quantum correlations on a single particle, we present a Ququart Encoding scheme to encode and process multi-qubit entanglement within ququart. We implement a programmable integrated-photonic entanglement generator on a silicon chip, encoding up to 5-qubit entanglement and quantum circuits within 2 ququarts. Within a ququart, we generate high-fidelity 3-qubit W and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states and verify quantum teleportation and phase estimation. Encoding a pair of entangled photons as ququarts yields a 5-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state at 688 Hz, with fidelity 0.956&#xa0;±&#xa0;0.053, confirming genuine 5-qubit entanglement. While the 2<sup><i>n</i></sup> physical-mode overhead persists for general purposes, our scheme reduces it from exponential to linear under certain circumstances, potentially accelerating large-scale quantum systems.</p>

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Multi-qubit entanglement and quantum processing within ququart

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Yulin Chi,
  • Yuhong Huang,
  • Haiyu Ding,
  • Fei Wang,
  • Chengkang Pan,
  • Yifei Yuan

摘要

Quantum technology, leveraging non-classical characteristics, enables breakthroughs in computation, communication, and metrology. Entanglement generation is fundamental. However, efficiently creating large-scale entanglement remains challenging. Using 2n physical modes within a single particle has been exploited for encoding n-qubit entanglement, yet this approach is believed to be unscalable. Here, using sequentially quantum correlations on a single particle, we present a Ququart Encoding scheme to encode and process multi-qubit entanglement within ququart. We implement a programmable integrated-photonic entanglement generator on a silicon chip, encoding up to 5-qubit entanglement and quantum circuits within 2 ququarts. Within a ququart, we generate high-fidelity 3-qubit W and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states and verify quantum teleportation and phase estimation. Encoding a pair of entangled photons as ququarts yields a 5-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state at 688 Hz, with fidelity 0.956 ± 0.053, confirming genuine 5-qubit entanglement. While the 2n physical-mode overhead persists for general purposes, our scheme reduces it from exponential to linear under certain circumstances, potentially accelerating large-scale quantum systems.