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<p>Simulating strongly coupled gauge theories at finite temperature and density is a longstanding challenge in nuclear and high-energy physics with fundamental implications for condensed matter physics. Here, we simulate such systems using minimally entangled typical thermal state (METTS) approaches, which combine classical random sampling with imaginary-time evolution, implementable on either classical or quantum computers, to estimate thermal averages of observables. We study 1+1-dimensional <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="42005_2025_2281_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({{\mathbb{Z}}}_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> gauge theory coupled to spinless fermionic matter, which maps onto a local quantum spin chain. We benchmark both a classical matrix-product-state implementation of METTS and a recently proposed adaptive variational approach for near-term quantum devices, focusing on the equation of state and measures of fermion confinement. Of particular importance is the choice of basis for METTS sampling, which impacts both the sampling overhead and quantum circuit complexity. Our work sets the stage for future studies of strongly coupled gauge theories using classical and quantum hardware.</p>

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Classical and quantum simulations of 1+1-dimensional \({{\mathbb{Z}}}_{2}\) gauge theory at finite temperature and density

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月26日

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  • I-Chi Chen,
  • João C. Getelina,
  • Klée Pollock,
  • Aleksei Khindanov,
  • Srimoyee Sen,
  • Yong-Xin Yao,
  • Thomas Iadecola

摘要

Simulating strongly coupled gauge theories at finite temperature and density is a longstanding challenge in nuclear and high-energy physics with fundamental implications for condensed matter physics. Here, we simulate such systems using minimally entangled typical thermal state (METTS) approaches, which combine classical random sampling with imaginary-time evolution, implementable on either classical or quantum computers, to estimate thermal averages of observables. We study 1+1-dimensional \({{\mathbb{Z}}}_{2}\) Z 2 gauge theory coupled to spinless fermionic matter, which maps onto a local quantum spin chain. We benchmark both a classical matrix-product-state implementation of METTS and a recently proposed adaptive variational approach for near-term quantum devices, focusing on the equation of state and measures of fermion confinement. Of particular importance is the choice of basis for METTS sampling, which impacts both the sampling overhead and quantum circuit complexity. Our work sets the stage for future studies of strongly coupled gauge theories using classical and quantum hardware.