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<p>Increasing nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) concentration in water bodies due to anthropogenic activities has become a leading environmental challenge of the 21st century. Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (eNO<sub>3</sub>RR) offers a sustainable solution by simultaneously removing nitrates and producing ammonia, a valuable feedstock. However, eNO<sub>3</sub>RR possesses significant challenges, such as efficiency, competing reactions, product selectivity, catalyst stability, etc. This review article highlights the importance of eNO<sub>3</sub>RR, its mechanistic pathway, in-situ<i>/operando</i> techniques to understand the mechanistic pathway, reactor design, analytical challenges in product estimation, and catalyst designing strategies. This work uniquely integrates in-situ studies, mechanistic insights, and design principles to establish clear structure-activity correlations for advancing eNO<sub>3</sub>RR catalysts. We conclude with current challenges and prospects to guide future research toward efficient and selective catalysts for eNO<sub>3</sub>RR-driven ammonia production.</p><p></p>

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Recent advances in mechanistic studies and catalyst development for electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月31日

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  • Debasish Halder,
  • Sujan Sen,
  • Sounak Roy

摘要

Increasing nitrate (NO3−) concentration in water bodies due to anthropogenic activities has become a leading environmental challenge of the 21st century. Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (eNO3RR) offers a sustainable solution by simultaneously removing nitrates and producing ammonia, a valuable feedstock. However, eNO3RR possesses significant challenges, such as efficiency, competing reactions, product selectivity, catalyst stability, etc. This review article highlights the importance of eNO3RR, its mechanistic pathway, in-situ/operando techniques to understand the mechanistic pathway, reactor design, analytical challenges in product estimation, and catalyst designing strategies. This work uniquely integrates in-situ studies, mechanistic insights, and design principles to establish clear structure-activity correlations for advancing eNO3RR catalysts. We conclude with current challenges and prospects to guide future research toward efficient and selective catalysts for eNO3RR-driven ammonia production.