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<p>The macroautophagy/autophagy machinery has two ubiquitin-like (UBL) conjugation systems. The Atg8/MAP1LC3/GABARAP (yeast/human) and Atg12/ATG12 proteins are UBL substrates for Atg7/ATG7, a non-canonical E1 enzyme, that thioesterifies its substrates; however, autophagy requires a much greater amount of conjugated Atg8 (Atg8–PE) than Atg12 (Atg12–Atg5). Exactly how Atg7/ATG7 distinguishes between its two substrates to facilitate this differential biogenesis remains elusive. Here, analyses of recombinant complexes of yeast proteins reveal that the N termini of Atg8 and Atg12 are structural determinants for conjugation to Atg7, but play no role in conjugation to Atg3 or Atg10, non-canonical E2 enzymes. The disordered N terminus of Atg12 is a protector of the Atg12 C terminus and a negative regulator of Atg7–Atg12 conjugation and autophagy, whereas the N-terminal helical domain in Atg8 promotes autophagy and has a high avidity to Atg7. We show that balanced autophagy requires different specific N termini attached to the UBL domains, which are structural determinants for selective transfer to the native E2s. These findings deepen our understanding of the two autophagy UBL conjugation systems that is far from complete.</p><p></p>

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Atg7–Atg12 conjugation and autophagy are negatively regulated by the disordered region of Atg12

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月15日

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  • Hana Popelka,
  • Daniel J. Klionsky

摘要

The macroautophagy/autophagy machinery has two ubiquitin-like (UBL) conjugation systems. The Atg8/MAP1LC3/GABARAP (yeast/human) and Atg12/ATG12 proteins are UBL substrates for Atg7/ATG7, a non-canonical E1 enzyme, that thioesterifies its substrates; however, autophagy requires a much greater amount of conjugated Atg8 (Atg8–PE) than Atg12 (Atg12–Atg5). Exactly how Atg7/ATG7 distinguishes between its two substrates to facilitate this differential biogenesis remains elusive. Here, analyses of recombinant complexes of yeast proteins reveal that the N termini of Atg8 and Atg12 are structural determinants for conjugation to Atg7, but play no role in conjugation to Atg3 or Atg10, non-canonical E2 enzymes. The disordered N terminus of Atg12 is a protector of the Atg12 C terminus and a negative regulator of Atg7–Atg12 conjugation and autophagy, whereas the N-terminal helical domain in Atg8 promotes autophagy and has a high avidity to Atg7. We show that balanced autophagy requires different specific N termini attached to the UBL domains, which are structural determinants for selective transfer to the native E2s. These findings deepen our understanding of the two autophagy UBL conjugation systems that is far from complete.