Scholarlink

<p>The measurement of energy is a fundamental tool used in quantum technology and computing. Some of the most sensitive energy detectors—bolometers and calorimeters—are thermal, meaning that they operate by absorbing incoming energy, converting it into heat and reading out the resulting temperature change electrically using a thermometer. Recently, superconductor–normal-conductor–superconductor radiation sensors with metallic and graphene absorbers haven been predicted to be capable of full-width at half-maximum energy resolutions of 0.75 zJ and 0.05 zJ, respectively. However, these estimates are only mathematically extracted from steady-state noise and responsivity measurements. Here we show that a metallic superconductor–normal-conductor–superconductor sensor can be used for zeptojoule calorimetry. With the approach, we measure the energy of 1-μs-long 8.4-GHz microwave pulses with a full-width at half-maximum energy resolution finer than 0.95 ± 0.02 zJ (=5.9 ± 0.12 meV) corresponding to 170 photons at 8.4 GHz. The technique provides a potential path to real-time calorimetric detection of single photons in the 10-GHz range.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Zeptojoule calorimetry

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

查看全文
  • András Márton Gunyhó,
  • Kassius Kohvakka,
  • Qi-Ming Chen,
  • Jean-Philippe Girard,
  • Roope Kokkoniemi,
  • Wei Liu,
  • Mikko Möttönen

摘要

The measurement of energy is a fundamental tool used in quantum technology and computing. Some of the most sensitive energy detectors—bolometers and calorimeters—are thermal, meaning that they operate by absorbing incoming energy, converting it into heat and reading out the resulting temperature change electrically using a thermometer. Recently, superconductor–normal-conductor–superconductor radiation sensors with metallic and graphene absorbers haven been predicted to be capable of full-width at half-maximum energy resolutions of 0.75 zJ and 0.05 zJ, respectively. However, these estimates are only mathematically extracted from steady-state noise and responsivity measurements. Here we show that a metallic superconductor–normal-conductor–superconductor sensor can be used for zeptojoule calorimetry. With the approach, we measure the energy of 1-μs-long 8.4-GHz microwave pulses with a full-width at half-maximum energy resolution finer than 0.95 ± 0.02 zJ (=5.9 ± 0.12 meV) corresponding to 170 photons at 8.4 GHz. The technique provides a potential path to real-time calorimetric detection of single photons in the 10-GHz range.