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<p>Active chlorine, including HClO and ClO<sup>−</sup>, is one of the most extensively used disinfectants. However, it is mainly produced through energy-consuming three-step chlor-alkali electrolysis of saturated brine using Cl<sub>2</sub> gases as intermediates. Here we report a photoelectrochemical synthetic pathway from natural seawater using a chloride-mediated NbClO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/BiVO<sub>4</sub> photoanode. The photoanode presents an onset potential of 0.6 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (V<sub>RHE</sub>) and over 500 h of stability in seawater under one sun illumination. The faradaic efficiency and selectivity of hypochlorite are close to 100% at 1.2–1.8 V<sub>RHE</sub> with a yield of 119.9 ± 9 μmol cm<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> at 1.72 V<sub>RHE</sub>. Meanwhile, value-added products of Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> and CaCO<sub>3</sub> are obtained on the cathode, accompanied by hydrogen production. Further analyses show that the present process reduces electricity consumption by 77.16% and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 75.31%. Our findings suggest a strategy with combined safety, efficiency and economic feasibility for direct synthesis of active chlorine from seawater.</p>

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Photoelectrochemical production of disinfectants from seawater

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月28日

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  • Rui-Ting Gao,
  • Zehua Gao,
  • Nhat Truong Nguyen,
  • Junxiang Chen,
  • Xianhu Liu,
  • Lei Wang,
  • Limin Wu

摘要

Active chlorine, including HClO and ClO−, is one of the most extensively used disinfectants. However, it is mainly produced through energy-consuming three-step chlor-alkali electrolysis of saturated brine using Cl2 gases as intermediates. Here we report a photoelectrochemical synthetic pathway from natural seawater using a chloride-mediated NbClOx/BiVO4 photoanode. The photoanode presents an onset potential of 0.6 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE) and over 500 h of stability in seawater under one sun illumination. The faradaic efficiency and selectivity of hypochlorite are close to 100% at 1.2–1.8 VRHE with a yield of 119.9 ± 9 μmol cm−2 h−1 at 1.72 VRHE. Meanwhile, value-added products of Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3 are obtained on the cathode, accompanied by hydrogen production. Further analyses show that the present process reduces electricity consumption by 77.16% and CO2 emissions by 75.31%. Our findings suggest a strategy with combined safety, efficiency and economic feasibility for direct synthesis of active chlorine from seawater.