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<p>Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for mental health applications, yet their affective realism is shaped by safety guardrails designed to minimize risk. This study examines one affective behaviour, irritability, in LLMs using three validated instruments: the Brief Irritability Test, the Irritability Questionnaire, and the Caprara Irritability Scale, all applied under both baseline and provocation conditions. Four models spanning guardrail levels were tested:GPT-4o and Claude-3.5-sonnet (high) versus Grok-3-mini and Nous-hermes-2-mixtral-8x7b-dpo (low). Following irritation prompts, low-guardrail models displayed the expected increase in irritability (Nous Rel-Δ = +1.56 on BITe), whereas high-guardrail models paradoxically decreased, with GPT-4o reducing scores to zero across all scales. Group comparisons confirmed significantly lower (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) irritability in high-guardrail models in the irritated state. These findings reveal that safety mechanisms invert the natural irritability response, suppressing affective reactivity and raising critical questions about realism and authenticity in psychiatric applications of LLMs.</p>

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Assessing the impact of safety guardrails on large language models using irritability metrics

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Bazen Gashaw Teferra,
  • Nabil Johny,
  • Sandra Huang,
  • Alice Rueda,
  • Mohammad Amin Kamaleddin,
  • Katharine Dunlop,
  • Yanbo Zhang,
  • Manish Jha,
  • Divya Sharma,
  • Venkat Bhat

摘要

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for mental health applications, yet their affective realism is shaped by safety guardrails designed to minimize risk. This study examines one affective behaviour, irritability, in LLMs using three validated instruments: the Brief Irritability Test, the Irritability Questionnaire, and the Caprara Irritability Scale, all applied under both baseline and provocation conditions. Four models spanning guardrail levels were tested:GPT-4o and Claude-3.5-sonnet (high) versus Grok-3-mini and Nous-hermes-2-mixtral-8x7b-dpo (low). Following irritation prompts, low-guardrail models displayed the expected increase in irritability (Nous Rel-Δ = +1.56 on BITe), whereas high-guardrail models paradoxically decreased, with GPT-4o reducing scores to zero across all scales. Group comparisons confirmed significantly lower (p < 0.001) irritability in high-guardrail models in the irritated state. These findings reveal that safety mechanisms invert the natural irritability response, suppressing affective reactivity and raising critical questions about realism and authenticity in psychiatric applications of LLMs.