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<p>P4 medicine (Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, and Participatory) offers a comprehensive approach to personalized healthcare, emphasizing both the transition from disease to wellness and the importance of preventive care. In this perspective, we propose a novel extension to P4 medicine. Specifically, we argue that combining P4 medicine with digital twins (DTs) introduces capabilities that elevate it far beyond its current scope. While P4 medicine provides a conceptual framework grounded in medical principles, digital twins offer a complementary framework for methodological realization. Together, these concepts form a synergistic pairing, interfacing through individual patients and their corresponding data. Furthermore, we emphasize that digital twins represent a new paradigm—not merely a method—characterized by four critical features: explainability, intervenability, learnability, and diversability. We believe that this integration unlocks capabilities that go beyond the reach of traditional bioinformatics and systems biology approaches.</p>

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The role of digital twins in P4 medicine: A paradigm for modern healthcare

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • Frank Emmert-Streib,
  • Seppo Parkkila,
  • Reinhard Laubenbacher,
  • Arto Mannermaa,
  • Leroy Hood,
  • Olli Yli-Harja

摘要

P4 medicine (Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, and Participatory) offers a comprehensive approach to personalized healthcare, emphasizing both the transition from disease to wellness and the importance of preventive care. In this perspective, we propose a novel extension to P4 medicine. Specifically, we argue that combining P4 medicine with digital twins (DTs) introduces capabilities that elevate it far beyond its current scope. While P4 medicine provides a conceptual framework grounded in medical principles, digital twins offer a complementary framework for methodological realization. Together, these concepts form a synergistic pairing, interfacing through individual patients and their corresponding data. Furthermore, we emphasize that digital twins represent a new paradigm—not merely a method—characterized by four critical features: explainability, intervenability, learnability, and diversability. We believe that this integration unlocks capabilities that go beyond the reach of traditional bioinformatics and systems biology approaches.