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<p>Multi-metallic MXenes such as entropy-stabilized (TiVNbMo)<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> exhibit synergistic electronic and redox properties beyond those of monometallic MXenes, yet their antibacterial behavior in aqueous environments remains poorly understood. In particular, how multi-elemental composition influences bactericidal mechanisms has not been elucidated. Here, we investigate how multi-metallic composition governs the antibacterial performance of (TiVNbMo)₄C₃Tₓ MXenes in direct comparison with monometallic Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> and Nb<sub>2</sub>CT<sub><i>x</i></sub>. This work links material structure to ROS generation and membrane disruption, providing a mechanistic basis for MXene design. Concentration-dependent colony-forming unit (CFU) assays against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> revealed that (TiVNbMo)<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> achieved &gt; 98% bacterial viability loss within 4 h at 100–200 μg/mL. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed membrane rupture consistent with a nanoknife effect. Furthermore, oxidative-stress analysis by abiotic assays demonstrated that (TiVNbMo)<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> generates stronger oxidative stress, superoxide (O<sub>2</sub>•⁻), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) than Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> and Nb<sub>2</sub>CT<sub><i>x</i></sub>. Moreover, monometallic MXenes exhibited measurable antibacterial activity; however, the larger-flake, multi-metallic MXene demonstrated superior killing efficiency, particularly at low concentrations, where ROS generation dominated and the nanoknife-like physical effect served as a secondary contribution. These findings confirm that (TiVNbMo)<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> enhances both ROS-mediated and physical antibacterial activity.</p><p></p>

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ROS-driven antibacterial mechanisms of multi-metallic (TiVNbMo)₄C₃Tx MXene

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月19日

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  • Sara Wahib,
  • Yassmin Ibrahim,
  • Shimaa S. El-Malah,
  • Janarthanan Ponraj,
  • Anupma Thakur,
  • Srinivasa Kartik Nemani,
  • Babak Anasori,
  • Khaled A. Mahmoud

摘要

Multi-metallic MXenes such as entropy-stabilized (TiVNbMo)4C3Tx exhibit synergistic electronic and redox properties beyond those of monometallic MXenes, yet their antibacterial behavior in aqueous environments remains poorly understood. In particular, how multi-elemental composition influences bactericidal mechanisms has not been elucidated. Here, we investigate how multi-metallic composition governs the antibacterial performance of (TiVNbMo)₄C₃Tₓ MXenes in direct comparison with monometallic Ti3C2Tx and Nb2CTx. This work links material structure to ROS generation and membrane disruption, providing a mechanistic basis for MXene design. Concentration-dependent colony-forming unit (CFU) assays against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus revealed that (TiVNbMo)4C3Tx achieved > 98% bacterial viability loss within 4 h at 100–200 μg/mL. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed membrane rupture consistent with a nanoknife effect. Furthermore, oxidative-stress analysis by abiotic assays demonstrated that (TiVNbMo)4C3Tx generates stronger oxidative stress, superoxide (O2•⁻), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) than Ti3C2Tx and Nb2CTx. Moreover, monometallic MXenes exhibited measurable antibacterial activity; however, the larger-flake, multi-metallic MXene demonstrated superior killing efficiency, particularly at low concentrations, where ROS generation dominated and the nanoknife-like physical effect served as a secondary contribution. These findings confirm that (TiVNbMo)4C3Tx enhances both ROS-mediated and physical antibacterial activity.