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<p>This study provides a dynamical diagnostic analysis of the marine heatwaves that occurred in the southwest tropical Indian Ocean (SWTIO) during March and April 2023. These events are notable because they occurred following a La Niña winter, a phase typically associated with negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in this region. Given that observations failed to show the deepening of the thermocline, the mechanism of downwelling Rossby waves deepening the thermocline—often used to explain SWTIO warming during El Niño decay phases—is inapplicable here. Mixed layer heat budget analysis indicates that the warming was primarily driven by the surface heat flux term, which reached its maximum value in 2023 over the 1993–2025 period. The critical driver was the dual thermodynamic effect induced by the unprecedentedly weak surface wind speeds, which resulted in extraordinary heat absorption via suppressed latent heat loss and a shallow mixed layer depth due to weakened vertical mixing. The synergy of the dual thermodynamic effect concentrated the anomalous surface heat flux within an exceptionally thin surface layer, ultimately triggering the unprecedented SST warming in the spring of 2023.</p>

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Marine heatwaves in the Southwest tropical Indian Ocean during spring 2023

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Baochao Liu,
  • Yongliang Duan,
  • Qinglei Su,
  • Yongzhi Liu,
  • Wee Cheah,
  • Yue Fang,
  • Lin Liu

摘要

This study provides a dynamical diagnostic analysis of the marine heatwaves that occurred in the southwest tropical Indian Ocean (SWTIO) during March and April 2023. These events are notable because they occurred following a La Niña winter, a phase typically associated with negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in this region. Given that observations failed to show the deepening of the thermocline, the mechanism of downwelling Rossby waves deepening the thermocline—often used to explain SWTIO warming during El Niño decay phases—is inapplicable here. Mixed layer heat budget analysis indicates that the warming was primarily driven by the surface heat flux term, which reached its maximum value in 2023 over the 1993–2025 period. The critical driver was the dual thermodynamic effect induced by the unprecedentedly weak surface wind speeds, which resulted in extraordinary heat absorption via suppressed latent heat loss and a shallow mixed layer depth due to weakened vertical mixing. The synergy of the dual thermodynamic effect concentrated the anomalous surface heat flux within an exceptionally thin surface layer, ultimately triggering the unprecedented SST warming in the spring of 2023.