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<p>Three La Niña onset types were identified by the K-means cluster analysis of equatorial sea surface temperature anomaly evolutions during the past 111 years (1910–2020). The first type is characterized by a slow basin-wide transition from a neutral year to La Niña, driven by tropical North Atlantic (TNA) warming, which induced anomalous easterlies in the equatorial western Pacific through atmospheric Kelvin wave responses. The easterly anomalies initiate a cooling by triggering upwelling oceanic Kelvin waves, shoaling the thermocline, and strengthening the westward zonal currents. The second and third types are a transition from a central Pacific (CP) and a super eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño to La Niña. The former is attributed to the CP El <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41612_2025_1141_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\rm{Ni}}\tilde{{\rm{n}}}{\rm{o}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ni</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> <mo>̃</mo> </mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> induced anomalous easterlies in EP that strengthened local surface latent heat flux and anomalous upwelling, whereas the latter is attributed to a substantially shoaling of ocean thermocline associated with the discharge of the preceding super El <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41612_2025_1141_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\rm{Ni}}\tilde{{\rm{n}}}{\rm{o}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ni</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> <mo>̃</mo> </mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. These characteristics differentiate diversified types of La Niña onset.</p>

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Diversity of La Niña onset

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月11日

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  • Xiao Pan,
  • Tim Li

摘要

Three La Niña onset types were identified by the K-means cluster analysis of equatorial sea surface temperature anomaly evolutions during the past 111 years (1910–2020). The first type is characterized by a slow basin-wide transition from a neutral year to La Niña, driven by tropical North Atlantic (TNA) warming, which induced anomalous easterlies in the equatorial western Pacific through atmospheric Kelvin wave responses. The easterly anomalies initiate a cooling by triggering upwelling oceanic Kelvin waves, shoaling the thermocline, and strengthening the westward zonal currents. The second and third types are a transition from a central Pacific (CP) and a super eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño to La Niña. The former is attributed to the CP El \({\rm{Ni}}\tilde{{\rm{n}}}{\rm{o}}\) Ni n ̃ o induced anomalous easterlies in EP that strengthened local surface latent heat flux and anomalous upwelling, whereas the latter is attributed to a substantially shoaling of ocean thermocline associated with the discharge of the preceding super El \({\rm{Ni}}\tilde{{\rm{n}}}{\rm{o}}\) Ni n ̃ o . These characteristics differentiate diversified types of La Niña onset.