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<p>High-strength steel (HSS) is increasingly used in modern structures because of its high strength-to-weight ratio. However, existing design standards based on the Effective Width Method (EWM) and section classification can be conservative for S690 and S960 welded H-sections because they usually limit sectional stresses to the yield strength and neglect the significant strain hardening and post-buckling resistance. On the other hand, in the conventional refined plastic hinge model, strain harder effect and local buckling are not considered. This study develops a second-order inelastic analysis method for S690 and S960 welded H-section members and frames by combining Continuous Strength Method (CSM) sectional resistance with an improved refined plastic hinge formulation. First, the CSM framework is established for cross-sections under compression, bending, and combined compression and bending. The resulting resistance curves are then introduced into the limit yield surface of the plastic hinge model. Secondly, an improved refined plastic hinge model is developed by the tangent modulus, initial yield surfaces, and stiffness degradation functions are theoretically derived to capture the full process of plasticization and strength deterioration caused by local buckling, based on the residual stress patterns of welded S690/S960 sections. Subsequently, a computationally efficient second-order inelastic analysis program is developed, utilizing a beam-column element that captures second-order effects using only one element per member. The method is validated against experimental tests of S690 and S960 welded H-section members. The results demonstrate that the predicted load-displacement responses and ultimate bearing capacities match the experimental data well, with the average prediction error maintained within 5%. The computation program is developed for the analysis of steel frames with S690 and S960 welded H-sections and the analyzed results agree well with the finite element results. The proposed analysis method serves as a reliable and efficient advanced design tool for HSS structures without the need for traditional effective length calculations.</p>

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Second-order analysis for high strength steel frame design accounting for strain harder effect and local buckling

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Jun Ma,
  • Li Gu,
  • Yi Zhou,
  • Yuanzhi Zhang

摘要

High-strength steel (HSS) is increasingly used in modern structures because of its high strength-to-weight ratio. However, existing design standards based on the Effective Width Method (EWM) and section classification can be conservative for S690 and S960 welded H-sections because they usually limit sectional stresses to the yield strength and neglect the significant strain hardening and post-buckling resistance. On the other hand, in the conventional refined plastic hinge model, strain harder effect and local buckling are not considered. This study develops a second-order inelastic analysis method for S690 and S960 welded H-section members and frames by combining Continuous Strength Method (CSM) sectional resistance with an improved refined plastic hinge formulation. First, the CSM framework is established for cross-sections under compression, bending, and combined compression and bending. The resulting resistance curves are then introduced into the limit yield surface of the plastic hinge model. Secondly, an improved refined plastic hinge model is developed by the tangent modulus, initial yield surfaces, and stiffness degradation functions are theoretically derived to capture the full process of plasticization and strength deterioration caused by local buckling, based on the residual stress patterns of welded S690/S960 sections. Subsequently, a computationally efficient second-order inelastic analysis program is developed, utilizing a beam-column element that captures second-order effects using only one element per member. The method is validated against experimental tests of S690 and S960 welded H-section members. The results demonstrate that the predicted load-displacement responses and ultimate bearing capacities match the experimental data well, with the average prediction error maintained within 5%. The computation program is developed for the analysis of steel frames with S690 and S960 welded H-sections and the analyzed results agree well with the finite element results. The proposed analysis method serves as a reliable and efficient advanced design tool for HSS structures without the need for traditional effective length calculations.