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<p>Site response analyses (SRA) are commonly employed to study the free field responses with various soil properties subject to earthquakes with different characteristics. This study conducted 3D nonlinear numerical simulations to examine how various earthquake characteristics influence the behavior of multi-layered liquefiable soils profile composed of a 4&#xa0;m loose Nevada sand layer (<i>D</i><sub><i>r</i></sub> ≈ 50%) confined between dense Monterey and Nevada sand layers (<i>D</i><sub><i>r</i></sub> ≈ 85%). Eight historical earthquake records, representing both near-fault and far-fault conditions and covering a wide range of rupture distances, frequency contents, durations, and energy measures, were applied after scaling to a peak ground acceleration of 0.3&#xa0;g. The analyses investigated excess pore pressure generation, acceleration amplification, lateral displacement, settlement, and post-earthquake pore-pressure redistribution. Results indicate that liquefaction causes a systematic shift of seismic energy toward frequencies below 2&#xa0;Hz and significantly modifies the effective duration of ground motions. Near-fault earthquakes generated larger lateral deformations and affected a greater depth of liquefaction than far-fault events. Correlation analyses showed that PGV/PGA, energy flux, and Arias intensity are the strongest predictors of lateral displacement (ρ = 1.00, 0.98, and 0.83, respectively), whereas moment magnitude exhibited the highest correlation with settlement (ρ = 0.86). Furthermore, excess pore-pressure redistribution after strong shaking promoted localized seepage-induced liquefaction within dense underlying layers. The findings provide insight into the mechanisms linking ground-motion characteristics and liquefaction-induced site response and support improved seismic assessment of layered liquefiable deposits.</p>

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Site response analyses of a multi-layered liquefiable soil with 3D nonlinear numerical modeling

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Ali Asgari,
  • Davide Forcellini

摘要

Site response analyses (SRA) are commonly employed to study the free field responses with various soil properties subject to earthquakes with different characteristics. This study conducted 3D nonlinear numerical simulations to examine how various earthquake characteristics influence the behavior of multi-layered liquefiable soils profile composed of a 4 m loose Nevada sand layer (Dr ≈ 50%) confined between dense Monterey and Nevada sand layers (Dr ≈ 85%). Eight historical earthquake records, representing both near-fault and far-fault conditions and covering a wide range of rupture distances, frequency contents, durations, and energy measures, were applied after scaling to a peak ground acceleration of 0.3 g. The analyses investigated excess pore pressure generation, acceleration amplification, lateral displacement, settlement, and post-earthquake pore-pressure redistribution. Results indicate that liquefaction causes a systematic shift of seismic energy toward frequencies below 2 Hz and significantly modifies the effective duration of ground motions. Near-fault earthquakes generated larger lateral deformations and affected a greater depth of liquefaction than far-fault events. Correlation analyses showed that PGV/PGA, energy flux, and Arias intensity are the strongest predictors of lateral displacement (ρ = 1.00, 0.98, and 0.83, respectively), whereas moment magnitude exhibited the highest correlation with settlement (ρ = 0.86). Furthermore, excess pore-pressure redistribution after strong shaking promoted localized seepage-induced liquefaction within dense underlying layers. The findings provide insight into the mechanisms linking ground-motion characteristics and liquefaction-induced site response and support improved seismic assessment of layered liquefiable deposits.