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<p>The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria requires the design of novel antimicrobial materials with proven efficacy and biocompatibility. However, the contribution of surface fractal characteristics to the antibacterial performance of hardystonite (Ca₂ZnSi₂O₇)-based nanocomposites remains unclear. Therefore, this work synthesizes hardystonite (Ca₂ZnSi₂O₇)-based nanocomposites doped with silver (HT/Ag; 1, 2, and 5 wt%) and copper oxide (HT/CuO). HT/Ag nanocomposites were prepared by arc discharge and HT/CuO was synthesized via an in-situ route. Materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TEM, and FESEM/EDX. Surface texture was quantified, and the fractal dimension of intensity line profiles was determined using power spectrum analysis. Antibacterial properties against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> were determined by broth microdilution, whereas antibiofilm properties were determined by crystal violet assay (OD570). Among the formulations, HT/Ag5 demonstrated the highest antibacterial properties with MIC/MBC of 4/8&#xa0;mg/mL against <i>E. coli</i>, 2/4&#xa0;mg/mL against <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"><EquationSource Format="TEX">\(8/16\)</EquationSource></InlineEquation> mg/mL against <i>S. aureus</i>, while HT/CuO demonstrated moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria and no detectable activity against <i>S. aureus</i> at tested concentrations. In the biofilm assay, there was a significant reduction in biofilm formation by <i>S. aureus</i> and P. aeruginosa (≈ 79–81% inhibition; 4 × MIC shifted S. aureus into non-biofilm form) and disruption of pre-formed biofilms by up to 56.76% (<i>S. aureus</i>) and 62.23% (<i>P. aeruginosa</i>), respectively, while the effect was minimal (≤ 8.23% disruption) against <i>E. coli</i> biofilms. HT/Ag5 demonstrated HFF cell viability above the ISO 10993-5 limit within 15.625–500&#xa0;μg/mL. Fractal dimensions of HT/Ag surfaces were between 1.52 and 1.57, with HT/Ag5 having the highest value.</p>

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Antibacterial activity and surface fractal properties of Ag/CuO-doped hardystonite nanocomposites against bacteria

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Seyedeh Soheila Mousavi,
  • Abbas Farmani,
  • Sama Mokari,
  • Mohammad Yousef Alikhani,
  • Davood Raoufi

摘要

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria requires the design of novel antimicrobial materials with proven efficacy and biocompatibility. However, the contribution of surface fractal characteristics to the antibacterial performance of hardystonite (Ca₂ZnSi₂O₇)-based nanocomposites remains unclear. Therefore, this work synthesizes hardystonite (Ca₂ZnSi₂O₇)-based nanocomposites doped with silver (HT/Ag; 1, 2, and 5 wt%) and copper oxide (HT/CuO). HT/Ag nanocomposites were prepared by arc discharge and HT/CuO was synthesized via an in-situ route. Materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TEM, and FESEM/EDX. Surface texture was quantified, and the fractal dimension of intensity line profiles was determined using power spectrum analysis. Antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were determined by broth microdilution, whereas antibiofilm properties were determined by crystal violet assay (OD570). Among the formulations, HT/Ag5 demonstrated the highest antibacterial properties with MIC/MBC of 4/8 mg/mL against E. coli, 2/4 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa, and \(8/16\) mg/mL against S. aureus, while HT/CuO demonstrated moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria and no detectable activity against S. aureus at tested concentrations. In the biofilm assay, there was a significant reduction in biofilm formation by S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (≈ 79–81% inhibition; 4 × MIC shifted S. aureus into non-biofilm form) and disruption of pre-formed biofilms by up to 56.76% (S. aureus) and 62.23% (P. aeruginosa), respectively, while the effect was minimal (≤ 8.23% disruption) against E. coli biofilms. HT/Ag5 demonstrated HFF cell viability above the ISO 10993-5 limit within 15.625–500 μg/mL. Fractal dimensions of HT/Ag surfaces were between 1.52 and 1.57, with HT/Ag5 having the highest value.