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<p>Expansive clayey soils show high plasticity, swelling and low bearing resistance, limiting pavement and foundation use. This study compares wheat straw ash (WSA), pottery waste (PW) and lime for stabilising high-plasticity clay through performance-based optimisation and mechanism interpretation. Raw materials were characterised using particle-size distribution, index properties, XRF and SEM-EDX, and mixes were prepared on a total dry mass basis. Initial dosage ranges of WSA: 5–20%, PW: 5–30% and lime: 1–6% were screened. Optimum contents were selected using a threshold-based multi-criteria approach based on differential free swell (DFS), pH, consistency limits and compaction behaviour, identifying 12.5% WSA, 22% PW and 4% lime. WSA eliminated DFS and reduced plasticity index to 7.6, mainly through active-clay dilution, pore filling and partial matrix densification. PW reduced plasticity index to 7.01 and improved behaviour through angular-particle packing, interlocking and load transfer. Lime reduced plasticity index to 6.43 and produced the strongest response due to high alkalinity, fabric modification and calcium-assisted bonding. Compaction showed increased optimum moisture content and reduced maximum dry density for WSA and lime, while PW maintained better compactability. Unconfined compressive strength and soaked California bearing ratio tests evaluated the optimum mixes. At 28 days, WSA, PW and lime achieved strength values of 768.3, 869.65 and 1245&#xa0;kPa and CBR values of 4.29, 4.80 and 9.36, respectively. SEM and XRD observations were consistent with distinct stabilisation responses: active-clay dilution and pore filling for WSA, granular skeleton modification for PW, and calcium-assisted physicochemical modification for lime. The findings show that WSA and PW can serve as useful waste-derived alternatives, although lime remained the most effective mechanical stabiliser.</p>

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Comparative assessment of geotechnical and microstructural transformations in clayey soil stabilised with wheat straw ash, pottery waste, and lime

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Randeep,
  • Akhilesh Nautiyal,
  • Krishma Yadav,
  • Shashwat Prasad,
  • Gaurav Juneja,
  • Rahul Shakya,
  • Fida Mohammad Oriakhail

摘要

Expansive clayey soils show high plasticity, swelling and low bearing resistance, limiting pavement and foundation use. This study compares wheat straw ash (WSA), pottery waste (PW) and lime for stabilising high-plasticity clay through performance-based optimisation and mechanism interpretation. Raw materials were characterised using particle-size distribution, index properties, XRF and SEM-EDX, and mixes were prepared on a total dry mass basis. Initial dosage ranges of WSA: 5–20%, PW: 5–30% and lime: 1–6% were screened. Optimum contents were selected using a threshold-based multi-criteria approach based on differential free swell (DFS), pH, consistency limits and compaction behaviour, identifying 12.5% WSA, 22% PW and 4% lime. WSA eliminated DFS and reduced plasticity index to 7.6, mainly through active-clay dilution, pore filling and partial matrix densification. PW reduced plasticity index to 7.01 and improved behaviour through angular-particle packing, interlocking and load transfer. Lime reduced plasticity index to 6.43 and produced the strongest response due to high alkalinity, fabric modification and calcium-assisted bonding. Compaction showed increased optimum moisture content and reduced maximum dry density for WSA and lime, while PW maintained better compactability. Unconfined compressive strength and soaked California bearing ratio tests evaluated the optimum mixes. At 28 days, WSA, PW and lime achieved strength values of 768.3, 869.65 and 1245 kPa and CBR values of 4.29, 4.80 and 9.36, respectively. SEM and XRD observations were consistent with distinct stabilisation responses: active-clay dilution and pore filling for WSA, granular skeleton modification for PW, and calcium-assisted physicochemical modification for lime. The findings show that WSA and PW can serve as useful waste-derived alternatives, although lime remained the most effective mechanical stabiliser.