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<p>Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely investigated as antimicrobial nanomaterials; however, their biological performance is strongly influenced by synthesis route, surface chemistry, and the nature of the stabilizing matrix. In this study, leaf and flower extracts of the endemic plant <i>Lilium ciliatum</i> P.H. Davis were used as distinct biogenic media for the microwave-assisted green synthesis of AgNPs. The extracts were obtained by ethanol-modified supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction and chemically profiled by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection (HPLC–DAD). Leaf extracts were mainly characterized by flavonoid-type compounds, particularly rutin and quercetin, whereas flower extracts contained a higher total quantified phenolic content and were dominated by gallic, protocatechuic, and chlorogenic acids. AgNP formation was optimized using 2% extract solution, 2 mL extract volume, 0.3 mM AgNO₃, PEG-200, 90&#xa0;W microwave power, and slightly acidic pH conditions. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra showed characteristic surface plasmon resonance bands at approximately 400–420&#xa0;nm, confirming AgNP formation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed mainly spherical nanoparticles with mean diameters of 12.138 ± 2.138&#xa0;nm for leaf-extract-mediated AgNPs and 15.096 ± 2.922&#xa0;nm for flower-extract-mediated AgNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of metallic silver, whereas Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) results supported the association of plant-derived functional groups with the nanoparticle surface, and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential findings indicated the contribution of these surface features to colloidal behavior. Flower-extract-mediated AgNPs exhibited stronger antioxidant activity and higher total phenolic content than leaf-derived AgNPs. They also showed broader antimicrobial efficacy, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Candida albicans</i> at 0.78125&#xa0;mg mL<sup>−1</sup>. Overall, both leaf and flower-derived <i>L. ciliatum</i> extracts provide promising biogenic routes for producing AgNP-based functional nanomaterials, with leaf extracts favoring colloidal stability and flower extracts enhancing biological performance.</p>

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Endemic Lilium ciliatum as a novel biogenic platform for microwave-assisted green synthesis of antioxidant and antimicrobial silver nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Gönül Serdar,
  • Melek Koç Keşir,
  • Tuğba Mazlum Şen,
  • Deniz Canbolat Gültekin,
  • Abidin Gümrükçüoğlu,
  • Fatma Tunalı,
  • Salih Terzioğlu

摘要

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely investigated as antimicrobial nanomaterials; however, their biological performance is strongly influenced by synthesis route, surface chemistry, and the nature of the stabilizing matrix. In this study, leaf and flower extracts of the endemic plant Lilium ciliatum P.H. Davis were used as distinct biogenic media for the microwave-assisted green synthesis of AgNPs. The extracts were obtained by ethanol-modified supercritical CO2 extraction and chemically profiled by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection (HPLC–DAD). Leaf extracts were mainly characterized by flavonoid-type compounds, particularly rutin and quercetin, whereas flower extracts contained a higher total quantified phenolic content and were dominated by gallic, protocatechuic, and chlorogenic acids. AgNP formation was optimized using 2% extract solution, 2 mL extract volume, 0.3 mM AgNO₃, PEG-200, 90 W microwave power, and slightly acidic pH conditions. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra showed characteristic surface plasmon resonance bands at approximately 400–420 nm, confirming AgNP formation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed mainly spherical nanoparticles with mean diameters of 12.138 ± 2.138 nm for leaf-extract-mediated AgNPs and 15.096 ± 2.922 nm for flower-extract-mediated AgNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of metallic silver, whereas Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) results supported the association of plant-derived functional groups with the nanoparticle surface, and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential findings indicated the contribution of these surface features to colloidal behavior. Flower-extract-mediated AgNPs exhibited stronger antioxidant activity and higher total phenolic content than leaf-derived AgNPs. They also showed broader antimicrobial efficacy, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans at 0.78125 mg mL−1. Overall, both leaf and flower-derived L. ciliatum extracts provide promising biogenic routes for producing AgNP-based functional nanomaterials, with leaf extracts favoring colloidal stability and flower extracts enhancing biological performance.