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<p>The present study estimated the farm-level economic burden of Sheep and Goat Pox (SGP), assessed the benefit: cost (B: C) of annual vaccination and farm-level constraints in vaccine adoption in India. Primary data were collected from 1889 small ruminant rearing farmers across Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Odisha and Assam states. The descriptive statistics and stochastic modelling with Monte Carlo simulation was applied to elicit the results. Considerable variation in SGP incidence rate, mortality rate, and case fatality rate(CFR) was observed across flock size, species, age and sex categories. Mortality loss was the major contributor to overall farm-level loss, followed by weight loss, distress sale loss, opportunity cost of labor and treatment costs. The total projected economic loss due to SGP in India was estimated at USD 285.29&#xa0;million (90% CI 229.84–342.78) / (INR 24,249.65&#xa0;million (90% CI 19,536.40—29136.3) during 2022. Sensitivity analysis indicated mortality loss was the most influential parameter affecting total loss. The B: C analysis showed that annual vaccination against SPG is economically advantageous, preventing substantial economic losses, with a ratio of 5.46 (90% CI 4.56–6.19). The major constraint faced by the farmers in vaccinating their animals is un-aware about the availability and need for vaccination against SGP. In overall, SGP causes significant farm-level economic burden, vaccination benefits outweigh the cost implying the need of implementing vaccination program to control and mitigate the disease in India.</p>

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Economic impact and vaccination benefits of Sheep and Goat Pox (SGP) in India: a stochastic assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Govindaraj Gurrappanaidu,
  • Prem Kishor Singasandra Nagesh Nagesh,
  • Manjunathareddy Gundallhalli Bayyappa,
  • Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy,
  • Yogisharadhya Revanaiah,
  • Veena Ramachandrappa,
  • Veershetty,
  • Bibek Ranjan Shome

摘要

The present study estimated the farm-level economic burden of Sheep and Goat Pox (SGP), assessed the benefit: cost (B: C) of annual vaccination and farm-level constraints in vaccine adoption in India. Primary data were collected from 1889 small ruminant rearing farmers across Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Odisha and Assam states. The descriptive statistics and stochastic modelling with Monte Carlo simulation was applied to elicit the results. Considerable variation in SGP incidence rate, mortality rate, and case fatality rate(CFR) was observed across flock size, species, age and sex categories. Mortality loss was the major contributor to overall farm-level loss, followed by weight loss, distress sale loss, opportunity cost of labor and treatment costs. The total projected economic loss due to SGP in India was estimated at USD 285.29 million (90% CI 229.84–342.78) / (INR 24,249.65 million (90% CI 19,536.40—29136.3) during 2022. Sensitivity analysis indicated mortality loss was the most influential parameter affecting total loss. The B: C analysis showed that annual vaccination against SPG is economically advantageous, preventing substantial economic losses, with a ratio of 5.46 (90% CI 4.56–6.19). The major constraint faced by the farmers in vaccinating their animals is un-aware about the availability and need for vaccination against SGP. In overall, SGP causes significant farm-level economic burden, vaccination benefits outweigh the cost implying the need of implementing vaccination program to control and mitigate the disease in India.