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<p>The conversion of agricultural residues into high-performance carbonaceous materials is a pivotal strategy for the circular economy and sustainable environmental remediation. In this study, we report the synthesis of high-surface-area activated carbon (AC) from hazelnut shells—a major agricultural byproduct in Turkey—via an eco-friendly steam activation protocol. The synthesized AC, characterized by a significant surface area of 820 m<sup>2</sup>/g and a well-developed microporous structure, was evaluated for the dynamic capture of a series of alkyl-substituted benzene volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A major methodological challenge in gas-phase adsorption—achieving true thermodynamic equilibrium—was addressed by implementing an innovative closed-loop reservoir (balloon) system. This novel setup provided sufficient residence time to overcome steric hindrance within the porous network, ensuring rigorous adsorption-desorption equilibrium. Comparative analysis revealed that traditional single-pass systems significantly underestimate VOC recovery by up to 22% and fail to provide reliable thermodynamic parameters. Based on high-precision equilibrium data, the adsorption process was found to be spontaneous (ΔG<sup>0</sup> &lt; 0) and exothermic (ΔH<sup>0</sup> &lt; 0), with a clear mechanistic correlation between the size of the alkyl substituent and adsorption efficiency due to enhanced Van der Waals interactions. These findings demonstrate that hazelnut shell-derived AC is a sustainable and highly efficient adsorbent for VOC abatement, provided that methodological accuracy is maintained through closed-loop equilibrium designs.</p>

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Valorization of agricultural hazelnut waste into high-surface-area activated carbon: sustainable methodology for accurate VOC capture and thermodynamic assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Erdal Kusvuran,
  • Ali Samil

摘要

The conversion of agricultural residues into high-performance carbonaceous materials is a pivotal strategy for the circular economy and sustainable environmental remediation. In this study, we report the synthesis of high-surface-area activated carbon (AC) from hazelnut shells—a major agricultural byproduct in Turkey—via an eco-friendly steam activation protocol. The synthesized AC, characterized by a significant surface area of 820 m2/g and a well-developed microporous structure, was evaluated for the dynamic capture of a series of alkyl-substituted benzene volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A major methodological challenge in gas-phase adsorption—achieving true thermodynamic equilibrium—was addressed by implementing an innovative closed-loop reservoir (balloon) system. This novel setup provided sufficient residence time to overcome steric hindrance within the porous network, ensuring rigorous adsorption-desorption equilibrium. Comparative analysis revealed that traditional single-pass systems significantly underestimate VOC recovery by up to 22% and fail to provide reliable thermodynamic parameters. Based on high-precision equilibrium data, the adsorption process was found to be spontaneous (ΔG0 < 0) and exothermic (ΔH0 < 0), with a clear mechanistic correlation between the size of the alkyl substituent and adsorption efficiency due to enhanced Van der Waals interactions. These findings demonstrate that hazelnut shell-derived AC is a sustainable and highly efficient adsorbent for VOC abatement, provided that methodological accuracy is maintained through closed-loop equilibrium designs.