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<p>Raindrop size distributions (DSDs) over India’s core monsoon zone are classified into various modes using Principal Component Analysis based on observations obtained during the 2022 summer monsoon season (JJAS). Each mode exhibits unique vertical signatures in polarimetric C-band radar measurements, reflectivity (Z), differential reflectivity (Z<sub>DR</sub>), and specific differential phase (K<sub>DP</sub>), highlighting differences in microphysical processes. The DSD regimes associated with convective-like systems show rapidly increasing lower-level Z along with enhanced Z<sub>DR</sub> and K<sub>DP</sub>, indicating larger drops and higher liquid water content originating from ice processes. While stratiform-like regime exhibits nearly uniform Z and Z<sub>DR</sub> below the melting layer, indicating gradual raindrop growth. The convective systems account for most of the rainfall, whereas weak stratiform systems contribute the least. The DSD regimes associated with weak stratiform and mixed precipitation possess the smallest raindrops with lower Z and K<sub>DP</sub>. The mixed precipitation has the highest concentration of smaller drops, possibly associated with collision-induced breakup or evaporation. The present study provides new observational insight into the microphysical organization and vertical structure of monsoon rainfall in the core monsoon zone.</p>

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Associating raindrop size distribution types with microphysical structure of precipitation systems in the Indian core monsoon zone

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • U. V. Murali Krishna,
  • Subrata K. Das,
  • Yogesh K. Kolte

摘要

Raindrop size distributions (DSDs) over India’s core monsoon zone are classified into various modes using Principal Component Analysis based on observations obtained during the 2022 summer monsoon season (JJAS). Each mode exhibits unique vertical signatures in polarimetric C-band radar measurements, reflectivity (Z), differential reflectivity (ZDR), and specific differential phase (KDP), highlighting differences in microphysical processes. The DSD regimes associated with convective-like systems show rapidly increasing lower-level Z along with enhanced ZDR and KDP, indicating larger drops and higher liquid water content originating from ice processes. While stratiform-like regime exhibits nearly uniform Z and ZDR below the melting layer, indicating gradual raindrop growth. The convective systems account for most of the rainfall, whereas weak stratiform systems contribute the least. The DSD regimes associated with weak stratiform and mixed precipitation possess the smallest raindrops with lower Z and KDP. The mixed precipitation has the highest concentration of smaller drops, possibly associated with collision-induced breakup or evaporation. The present study provides new observational insight into the microphysical organization and vertical structure of monsoon rainfall in the core monsoon zone.