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<p>The black mulberry (<i>Morus nigra</i> L.) is considered one of the most nutrient-rich berries native to Iran, which is rich in anthocyanin, however its genetic and biochemical diversity across main cultivation areas is not well understood. The investigation assessed 20 genotypes acquired from five ecological areas in northern Iran, specifically Urmia, Khoy, Miandoab, Oshnavieh, and Mahabad cities, with the aim of pinpointing superior candidates for breeding and commercial cultivation. A wide range of physical (leaf and fruit morphology), qualitative (color indices), and biochemical characteristics (pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF), total anthocyanin (TAC), total sugar (TSC), antioxidant activity using DPPH and FRAP, and ascorbic acid) were assessed. Significant differences (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) were observed among genotypes, demonstrating substantial phenotypic and metabolic diversity. Genotype Nu3 exhibited the highest performance in fruit dimensions (Fruit width; 17.6&#xa0;mm; Fruit thickness; 17.88&#xa0;mm; Fruit pedicel length; 5.8&#xa0;cm) and color attributes (L*; 19.01, a*; 13.61, b*; 4.25, Chroma;14.28). Antioxidant-related traits showed wide variability, with TP 311.12 to 1010.29&#xa0;mg GAE·100&#xa0;g⁻¹ FW, TAC from 0.499 to 0.766&#xa0;mg·g⁻¹ FW, and ascorbic acid from 16.99 to 21.55&#xa0;mg·100&#xa0;ml⁻¹ FW. Antioxidant activity values also differed significantly (DPPH: from 51.02 to 165.01&#xa0;mg ascorbic acid·100&#xa0;g⁻¹ FW; FRAP: 0.766 to 1.76&#xa0;mg Fe²⁺ SO₄ g⁻¹ FW). Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five distinct clusters, whereas PCA showed prominent separation of variables influenced by fruit size, color measurements, and antioxidant compounds. The research findings highlight the presence of valuable genetic resources that can be used for breeding high-quality mulberry cultivars, especially in areas experiencing climatic stress. Further assessments of <i>M. nigra</i>’s genomic makeup and field performance are suggested to improve commercial use of this plant as a food item with anthocyanins and natural antioxidants.</p>

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Multivariate assessment of nutritional, morphological and biochemical diversity among black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes across five regions of Iran

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Saman Firouz,
  • Hamid Hassanpour,
  • Karim Manda-Hakki

摘要

The black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) is considered one of the most nutrient-rich berries native to Iran, which is rich in anthocyanin, however its genetic and biochemical diversity across main cultivation areas is not well understood. The investigation assessed 20 genotypes acquired from five ecological areas in northern Iran, specifically Urmia, Khoy, Miandoab, Oshnavieh, and Mahabad cities, with the aim of pinpointing superior candidates for breeding and commercial cultivation. A wide range of physical (leaf and fruit morphology), qualitative (color indices), and biochemical characteristics (pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF), total anthocyanin (TAC), total sugar (TSC), antioxidant activity using DPPH and FRAP, and ascorbic acid) were assessed. Significant differences (p < 0.01) were observed among genotypes, demonstrating substantial phenotypic and metabolic diversity. Genotype Nu3 exhibited the highest performance in fruit dimensions (Fruit width; 17.6 mm; Fruit thickness; 17.88 mm; Fruit pedicel length; 5.8 cm) and color attributes (L*; 19.01, a*; 13.61, b*; 4.25, Chroma;14.28). Antioxidant-related traits showed wide variability, with TP 311.12 to 1010.29 mg GAE·100 g⁻¹ FW, TAC from 0.499 to 0.766 mg·g⁻¹ FW, and ascorbic acid from 16.99 to 21.55 mg·100 ml⁻¹ FW. Antioxidant activity values also differed significantly (DPPH: from 51.02 to 165.01 mg ascorbic acid·100 g⁻¹ FW; FRAP: 0.766 to 1.76 mg Fe²⁺ SO₄ g⁻¹ FW). Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five distinct clusters, whereas PCA showed prominent separation of variables influenced by fruit size, color measurements, and antioxidant compounds. The research findings highlight the presence of valuable genetic resources that can be used for breeding high-quality mulberry cultivars, especially in areas experiencing climatic stress. Further assessments of M. nigra’s genomic makeup and field performance are suggested to improve commercial use of this plant as a food item with anthocyanins and natural antioxidants.