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<p>Tetracycline (TC) contamination remains difficult to control because conventional wastewater treatment processes often do not fully remove persistent antibiotic residues. Although Fe doping and BiVO<sub>4</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterojunction formation have been reported previously, the composition-dependent behavior of Fe-doped BiVO<sub>4</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> photocatalysts under low-intensity UVC irradiation remains insufficiently clarified. This study developed 3% Fe-doped BiVO<sub>4</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> (FeBVO: CN) heterojunction photocatalysts with different FeBVO: CN mass ratios and evaluated their TC degradation performance, operating conditions, reactive-species involvement, reusability, and preliminary synthesis cost. The composites were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment followed by calcination and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Among the prepared samples, FeBVO/CN-2:1 showed the highest photocatalytic activity, achieving 83.6% TC degradation within 120&#xa0;min at 5 mg L<sup>−1&#xa0;</sup>TC, 200 mg L<sup>− 1</sup> catalyst loading, and pH 10. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order (PFO) kinetics with a rate constant of 0.01509&#xa0;min<sup>− 1</sup>. Scavenger experiments suggested that •O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> -related pathways exerted the strongest influence, while •OH and h<sup>+</sup> also contributed to TC transformation. The catalyst retained 77.1% degradation efficiency after three cycles, indicating preliminary reusability under the tested conditions. This work advances the field by linking FeBVO: CN composition with structural features, optical response, photocatalytic activity, reactive-species behavior, and practical operating constraints under low-intensity UVC irradiation. Mulliken-estimated band-edge positions, together with the scavenger results, supported a proposed Z-scheme-like charge-transfer pathway as the more thermodynamically consistent interpretation of the observed reactive-species behaviour.</p>

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Fe-doped BiVO4/g-C3N4 heterojunction for efficient tetracycline degradation under low-intensity UV irradiation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Melissa Alexander Maran,
  • Alvin Lim Teik Zheng,
  • Yiizamy Suffian,
  • Nor Hisam Zamakshshari,
  • Tan Kar Ban,
  • Supakorn Boonyuen,
  • Hisham N. Farrag,
  • Eric Lim Teik Chung,
  • Yoshito Andou

摘要

Tetracycline (TC) contamination remains difficult to control because conventional wastewater treatment processes often do not fully remove persistent antibiotic residues. Although Fe doping and BiVO4/g-C3N4 heterojunction formation have been reported previously, the composition-dependent behavior of Fe-doped BiVO4/g-C3N4 photocatalysts under low-intensity UVC irradiation remains insufficiently clarified. This study developed 3% Fe-doped BiVO4/g-C3N4 (FeBVO: CN) heterojunction photocatalysts with different FeBVO: CN mass ratios and evaluated their TC degradation performance, operating conditions, reactive-species involvement, reusability, and preliminary synthesis cost. The composites were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment followed by calcination and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Among the prepared samples, FeBVO/CN-2:1 showed the highest photocatalytic activity, achieving 83.6% TC degradation within 120 min at 5 mg L−1 TC, 200 mg L− 1 catalyst loading, and pH 10. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order (PFO) kinetics with a rate constant of 0.01509 min− 1. Scavenger experiments suggested that •O2− -related pathways exerted the strongest influence, while •OH and h+ also contributed to TC transformation. The catalyst retained 77.1% degradation efficiency after three cycles, indicating preliminary reusability under the tested conditions. This work advances the field by linking FeBVO: CN composition with structural features, optical response, photocatalytic activity, reactive-species behavior, and practical operating constraints under low-intensity UVC irradiation. Mulliken-estimated band-edge positions, together with the scavenger results, supported a proposed Z-scheme-like charge-transfer pathway as the more thermodynamically consistent interpretation of the observed reactive-species behaviour.