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<p>Synbiotic beverages represent a promising functional food system integrating probiotic activity with prebiotic-enhanced functionality in plant-based matrices, supporting sustainable nutrition. This study evaluated the effects of formulation and storage conditions on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and concentration-dependent embryotoxic responses of an iron-fortified ambarella (<i>Spondias dulcis</i> L.) synbiotic beverage. Four formulations were evaluated: prebiotic (F1), probiotic (F2), synbiotic (F3), and iron-fortified synbiotic (F4). The beverages were stored under ambient (25 ± 2&#xa0;°C) and refrigerated (4 ± 1&#xa0;°C) conditions for 8 days. Storage time and temperature significantly affected pH and color stability (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), with greater acidification and chromatic changes observed under ambient storage, whereas refrigeration reduced these changes. Synbiotic formulations (F3 and F4) exhibited greater antioxidant capacity than the single-component formulations, with lower ABTS IC₅₀ values (58.28–61.02 ppm) and higher FRAP reducing power (up to 6.98&#xa0;mg AAE/100&#xa0;g). Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) embryo assays demonstrated concentration-dependent embryotoxic responses, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 22.32 to 54.19&#xa0;µg/mL, while the iron-fortified formulation exhibited greater sensitivity at higher exposure concentrations. These findings demonstrate that formulation and storage conditions influence the physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and concentration-dependent biological responses of <i>Spondias dulcis</i> L.-based synbiotic beverages. Further studies are required to evaluate metabolomic changes, probiotic viability, and comprehensive safety aspects during storage.</p>

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Redox stability, antioxidant capacity, and biological responses in an iron-fortified synbiotic Spondias dulcis L. beverage

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Farah Nuriannisa,
  • Viera Nu’riza Pratiwi,
  • Azrina Azlan,
  • Pratiwi Hariyani Putri,
  • Anugrah Linda Mutiarani,
  • Catur Wulandari,
  • Ambar Fidyasari,
  • Shilfanny Juniar,
  • St. Haryantin,
  • Nabila Putri Dwi Wardani,
  • Sanita Aliyah Putri,
  • Alya Intan Permata,
  • Nurulhuda Mohammad Isa,
  • Muhammad Rizal Razman

摘要

Synbiotic beverages represent a promising functional food system integrating probiotic activity with prebiotic-enhanced functionality in plant-based matrices, supporting sustainable nutrition. This study evaluated the effects of formulation and storage conditions on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and concentration-dependent embryotoxic responses of an iron-fortified ambarella (Spondias dulcis L.) synbiotic beverage. Four formulations were evaluated: prebiotic (F1), probiotic (F2), synbiotic (F3), and iron-fortified synbiotic (F4). The beverages were stored under ambient (25 ± 2 °C) and refrigerated (4 ± 1 °C) conditions for 8 days. Storage time and temperature significantly affected pH and color stability (p < 0.05), with greater acidification and chromatic changes observed under ambient storage, whereas refrigeration reduced these changes. Synbiotic formulations (F3 and F4) exhibited greater antioxidant capacity than the single-component formulations, with lower ABTS IC₅₀ values (58.28–61.02 ppm) and higher FRAP reducing power (up to 6.98 mg AAE/100 g). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo assays demonstrated concentration-dependent embryotoxic responses, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 22.32 to 54.19 µg/mL, while the iron-fortified formulation exhibited greater sensitivity at higher exposure concentrations. These findings demonstrate that formulation and storage conditions influence the physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and concentration-dependent biological responses of Spondias dulcis L.-based synbiotic beverages. Further studies are required to evaluate metabolomic changes, probiotic viability, and comprehensive safety aspects during storage.