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<p>On 4 September 2024, a sudden loess landslide occurred in Henagou Village, Qinghai Province, China, after 19&#xa0;h of rainfall (44.9&#xa0;mm), causing three fatalities and one injury. Field investigation revealed that pre-existing sinkholes and their connected subsurface seepage pathways played a key role in slope failure. Rainwater was preferentially captured by sinkholes and rapidly conveyed toward the weak band, where wetting-induced softening and pore-water-pressure increase significantly reduced slope stability. To clarify this process, we combined field surveys, double-ring infiltration tests, laboratory shear tests, and FLAC<sup>3D</sup> hydro-mechanical simulations. The results show that sinkholes acted as efficient preferential-flow conduits, accelerating infiltration and promoting localized pore-pressure build-up along the weak band. This led to concentrated shear-strain development and rapid displacement growth, with the simulated initiation time reaching 18.8&#xa0;h after the onset of rainfall. Comparative simulations further indicate that sinkhole-assisted seepage substantially shortened the pre-failure period relative to the case without sinkholes. The study highlights the critical role of sinkhole-controlled preferential seepage in rainfall-induced loess landslides and provides a useful basis for hazard recognition and risk assessment in similar loess regions.</p>

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Investigations on the initiation mechanism of rainfall-induced loess landslides driven by sinkhole-assisted seepage: a case study in Qinghai, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Shengshun Cai,
  • Xuan Liu,
  • Ruyi Wang,
  • Qinwen Tan,
  • Mengshuang Huang,
  • Meng Zhao,
  • Shandong Bao,
  • Yanzhe Li,
  • Linhu Wu

摘要

On 4 September 2024, a sudden loess landslide occurred in Henagou Village, Qinghai Province, China, after 19 h of rainfall (44.9 mm), causing three fatalities and one injury. Field investigation revealed that pre-existing sinkholes and their connected subsurface seepage pathways played a key role in slope failure. Rainwater was preferentially captured by sinkholes and rapidly conveyed toward the weak band, where wetting-induced softening and pore-water-pressure increase significantly reduced slope stability. To clarify this process, we combined field surveys, double-ring infiltration tests, laboratory shear tests, and FLAC3D hydro-mechanical simulations. The results show that sinkholes acted as efficient preferential-flow conduits, accelerating infiltration and promoting localized pore-pressure build-up along the weak band. This led to concentrated shear-strain development and rapid displacement growth, with the simulated initiation time reaching 18.8 h after the onset of rainfall. Comparative simulations further indicate that sinkhole-assisted seepage substantially shortened the pre-failure period relative to the case without sinkholes. The study highlights the critical role of sinkhole-controlled preferential seepage in rainfall-induced loess landslides and provides a useful basis for hazard recognition and risk assessment in similar loess regions.