DFT and molecular docking investigation of tamoxifen interactions with metal-encapsulated boron nitride nanocages
摘要
Tamoxifen (TMF), a lipid-soluble selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), is extensively used in the treatment of breast cancer. In this work, we systematically investigate the covalent and non-covalent interactions of TMF with the perfect B12N12 compared to as well as with calcium- and potassium-encapsulated derivatives (B12CaN12 and B12KN12). These interactions are predominantly mediated by the dimethylamino group (-N(CH₃)₂) of TMF and were examined using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M06-2X level, incorporating D3 dispersion corrections (M06-2X-D3) and the 6–31 + G** basis set. The results reveal that TMF undergoes strong chemisorption on B12KN12 (-2.27 eV) and B12CaN12 (-1.91 eV), in contrast to weaker adsorption on the pristine B12N12 surface (-1.75 eV). The strong binding of TMF to B₁₂N₁₂ via its dimethylamino group occurs through a synergistic combination of covalent interactions and hydrogen bonding, accompanied by a larger charge transfer from the drug to the cage, leading to a significant increase in dipole moment and a change in the energy gap. Thermodynamic analyses based on Gibbs free energy and enthalpy changes confirm that complex formation is highly stable, spontaneous, and exothermic. Notably, B12N12 exhibits the shortest recovery time, indicating rapid TMF detachment, whereas B12CaN12 and B12KN12 show longer desorption times, favoring sustained release. ADMET predictions suggest moderate intestinal absorption and good membrane permeability, indicating potential for oral bioavailability. Docking studies reveal that B12KN12 enhances TMF binding to EGFR, HER2, and Caspase-8, despite a minor reduction in ERα affinity, supporting the potential of B12KN12 as a nanocarrier for HER2-driven breast cancer treatment.