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<p>The parrot’s sex misrepresentation has detrimental consequences for consumers, parrots, and the economy. It hinders breeding efforts, harms parrots’ well-being, fuels illegal trade, and pushes them towards extinction. Traditional methods for sexing parrots are often inaccurate, cumbersome, time-consuming, limited to specific species or lack sufficient validation studies. To address the limitations of traditional sexing methods, we developed and fully validated a universal real-time PCR assay with TaqMan probes for accurate sex determination of parrot species commonly subjected to sexing fraud. The assay was highly accurate, specific, and robust, with 100% concordance with the conventional PCR method. It demonstrated universal applicability for all 38 parrot species from 34 genera (<i>n</i> = 1087), achieving 100% accuracy with sensitivity down to 0.031 ng of DNA input. Single-blind testing showed the assay’s capability to work with casework and fieldwork situations. The utilization of the CHD gene specific to psittacines in combination with real-time PCR enables simultaneous determination of species and sex, enhancing its utility in safeguarding parrots from fraud and supporting forensic inquiries.</p>

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A universal and accurate real-time PCR assay for psittacine sex determination

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月12日

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  • Thitika Kitpipit,
  • Yuvaneswari Chandramoulee Swaran,
  • Phuvadol Thanakiatkrai

摘要

The parrot’s sex misrepresentation has detrimental consequences for consumers, parrots, and the economy. It hinders breeding efforts, harms parrots’ well-being, fuels illegal trade, and pushes them towards extinction. Traditional methods for sexing parrots are often inaccurate, cumbersome, time-consuming, limited to specific species or lack sufficient validation studies. To address the limitations of traditional sexing methods, we developed and fully validated a universal real-time PCR assay with TaqMan probes for accurate sex determination of parrot species commonly subjected to sexing fraud. The assay was highly accurate, specific, and robust, with 100% concordance with the conventional PCR method. It demonstrated universal applicability for all 38 parrot species from 34 genera (n = 1087), achieving 100% accuracy with sensitivity down to 0.031 ng of DNA input. Single-blind testing showed the assay’s capability to work with casework and fieldwork situations. The utilization of the CHD gene specific to psittacines in combination with real-time PCR enables simultaneous determination of species and sex, enhancing its utility in safeguarding parrots from fraud and supporting forensic inquiries.