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<p>Due to delayed water injection, strong fracture development and insufficient pressure maintenance after long-term depletion, oil production in the North Troyes carbonate reservoir has declined year by year. Moreover, because the reservoir contains low-volatility crude oil and a complex fracture network, produced GOR is high and water cut rises rapidly, so it is necessary to clarify the dominant controls on water-injection performance for development adjustment. In this paper, an embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) is used to simulate water injection with reservoir and fracture properties representative of the North Troyes carbonate reservoir. Compared with a conventional dual-porosity/dual-permeability model, the EDFM explicitly embeds discrete fractures in a structured matrix grid and couples matrix-fracture and fracture-fracture flow through non-adjacent connections (NNCs). Thus, the effects of matrix porosity, matrix permeability, fracture length, fracture dip, fracture azimuth angle, fracture aperture, fracture permeability and fracture density on well performance and reservoir pressure can be examined while retaining the main geometry and connectivity of the fracture network. The results show that fracture length, fracture dip, fracture azimuth angle and fracture density strongly influence water-flooding performance and should not be neglected in reservoir simulation. Random forest feature-importance analysis further indicates that fracture density has the greatest impact on cumulative oil production, followed by matrix porosity. Fracture aperture and fracture permeability mainly affect pressure decline, gas channeling and local water-cut behavior, but they have limited influence on cumulative oil production within the high-permeability fracture range simulated here. This work provides a clearer understanding of the physical mechanisms and key parameters controlling water-flooding effectiveness in fractured carbonate reservoirs.</p>

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Modeling water flooding effect on well performance in North Troyes oilfield with complex fracture networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Lun Zhao,
  • Wenqi Zhao,
  • Shuqin Wang,
  • Xin Xing,
  • Qingying Hou,
  • Lei Wang

摘要

Due to delayed water injection, strong fracture development and insufficient pressure maintenance after long-term depletion, oil production in the North Troyes carbonate reservoir has declined year by year. Moreover, because the reservoir contains low-volatility crude oil and a complex fracture network, produced GOR is high and water cut rises rapidly, so it is necessary to clarify the dominant controls on water-injection performance for development adjustment. In this paper, an embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) is used to simulate water injection with reservoir and fracture properties representative of the North Troyes carbonate reservoir. Compared with a conventional dual-porosity/dual-permeability model, the EDFM explicitly embeds discrete fractures in a structured matrix grid and couples matrix-fracture and fracture-fracture flow through non-adjacent connections (NNCs). Thus, the effects of matrix porosity, matrix permeability, fracture length, fracture dip, fracture azimuth angle, fracture aperture, fracture permeability and fracture density on well performance and reservoir pressure can be examined while retaining the main geometry and connectivity of the fracture network. The results show that fracture length, fracture dip, fracture azimuth angle and fracture density strongly influence water-flooding performance and should not be neglected in reservoir simulation. Random forest feature-importance analysis further indicates that fracture density has the greatest impact on cumulative oil production, followed by matrix porosity. Fracture aperture and fracture permeability mainly affect pressure decline, gas channeling and local water-cut behavior, but they have limited influence on cumulative oil production within the high-permeability fracture range simulated here. This work provides a clearer understanding of the physical mechanisms and key parameters controlling water-flooding effectiveness in fractured carbonate reservoirs.