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<p>Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO₂NPs) are increasingly released into aquatic environments due to their widespread use in consumer and industrial products. These materials may co-occur in natural waters, raising concerns about their combined effects on freshwater organisms. This study investigated the chronic toxicity of AgNPs, ionic silver (Ag⁺), and SiO₂NPs, both individually and in binary mixtures, on <i>Daphnia magna</i> under waterborne and dietary exposure over 21 days. Organisms were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations, and multiple endpoints were assessed, including survival, body and tail length, molting frequency, egg development time, time to first brood, and total offspring production. Ag⁺ significantly delayed egg development and the onset of reproduction, confirming its strong reproductive toxicity. AgNPs caused the greatest reduction in body and tail length, indicating a dominant effect on growth. All treatments suppressed molting frequency, with no significant differences between exposure routes. Mortality patterns varied sharply depending on how the nanoparticles were delivered. Under waterborne conditions, the combination of Ag⁺ and SiO₂NPs resulted in the highest mortality, suggesting a synergistic interaction. In contrast, dietary exposure to the same mixture led to lower mortality and milder effects on growth and reproduction, indicating antagonistic dynamics. This study provides the first empirical evidence that the exposure route can fundamentally reverse the interactive toxicity (synergistic vs. antagonistic) of nanomaterial mixtures, a paradigm-shifting insight for environmental risk assessment. Total offspring production declined across all treatments. These findings show that nanoparticle toxicity depends not only on particle type and concentration but also on the route of exposure. Evaluating both pathways is essential for understanding ecological risks and designing realistic environmental assessments.</p>

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Exposure route reverses the interactive toxicity of silver and silica nanoparticles in Daphnia magna for mixture risk assessment in aquatic environments

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Mohammad Javad Jami,
  • Seyed Ali Johari,
  • Hesamoddin Abaei,
  • Mohammad Behzadi Tayemeh,
  • Azadeh Salehdoost

摘要

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO₂NPs) are increasingly released into aquatic environments due to their widespread use in consumer and industrial products. These materials may co-occur in natural waters, raising concerns about their combined effects on freshwater organisms. This study investigated the chronic toxicity of AgNPs, ionic silver (Ag⁺), and SiO₂NPs, both individually and in binary mixtures, on Daphnia magna under waterborne and dietary exposure over 21 days. Organisms were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations, and multiple endpoints were assessed, including survival, body and tail length, molting frequency, egg development time, time to first brood, and total offspring production. Ag⁺ significantly delayed egg development and the onset of reproduction, confirming its strong reproductive toxicity. AgNPs caused the greatest reduction in body and tail length, indicating a dominant effect on growth. All treatments suppressed molting frequency, with no significant differences between exposure routes. Mortality patterns varied sharply depending on how the nanoparticles were delivered. Under waterborne conditions, the combination of Ag⁺ and SiO₂NPs resulted in the highest mortality, suggesting a synergistic interaction. In contrast, dietary exposure to the same mixture led to lower mortality and milder effects on growth and reproduction, indicating antagonistic dynamics. This study provides the first empirical evidence that the exposure route can fundamentally reverse the interactive toxicity (synergistic vs. antagonistic) of nanomaterial mixtures, a paradigm-shifting insight for environmental risk assessment. Total offspring production declined across all treatments. These findings show that nanoparticle toxicity depends not only on particle type and concentration but also on the route of exposure. Evaluating both pathways is essential for understanding ecological risks and designing realistic environmental assessments.