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<p>This study investigates the treatment of carwash wastewater using the electrocoagulation (EC) process with stainless steel electrodes in a batch electrochemical reactor. The effects of pH (5–9), reaction time (5–50 min), and current (0.5–2 A) on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were examined to identify the most effective operating conditions. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to analyze the interaction between these variables and to develop a predictive model for process optimization. The model achieved a prominent level of accuracy, with an R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.973, and predicted a maximum COD removal efficiency of 89.82% at pH 9, a current of 2 A, and a treatment time of 27.5 min with a 3.0 cm electrode spacing. Experimental results showed that electrode configuration also played a significant role in system performance. Among the tested designs, the flat mesh electrode achieved the highest COD removal (78.3%), followed by the cylindrical mesh (76.6%), the solid rod (71%), and the flat sheet (59%) under the same initial conditions. In addition, a Multi‑Criteria Decision‑Making (MCDM) analysis was carried out to evaluate the electrodes based on technical performance, energy demand, durability, and cost. The MCDM results supported the experimental findings, identifying the flat mesh electrode as the most suitable option for carwash wastewater treatment using EC. Overall, the study confirms that combining RSM with MCDM provides a reliable approach for optimizing EC systems and selecting the most efficient electrode configuration.</p>

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Cubic RSM modeling and multi-criteria evaluation of stainless-steel electrodes for EC of real carwash wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Kholoud Madih,
  • Noha M. Sayed,
  • Rasha H. Ali,
  • Mohamed S. Mahmoud,
  • Hazem Gamal,
  • Rania Osama

摘要

This study investigates the treatment of carwash wastewater using the electrocoagulation (EC) process with stainless steel electrodes in a batch electrochemical reactor. The effects of pH (5–9), reaction time (5–50 min), and current (0.5–2 A) on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were examined to identify the most effective operating conditions. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to analyze the interaction between these variables and to develop a predictive model for process optimization. The model achieved a prominent level of accuracy, with an R2 value of 0.973, and predicted a maximum COD removal efficiency of 89.82% at pH 9, a current of 2 A, and a treatment time of 27.5 min with a 3.0 cm electrode spacing. Experimental results showed that electrode configuration also played a significant role in system performance. Among the tested designs, the flat mesh electrode achieved the highest COD removal (78.3%), followed by the cylindrical mesh (76.6%), the solid rod (71%), and the flat sheet (59%) under the same initial conditions. In addition, a Multi‑Criteria Decision‑Making (MCDM) analysis was carried out to evaluate the electrodes based on technical performance, energy demand, durability, and cost. The MCDM results supported the experimental findings, identifying the flat mesh electrode as the most suitable option for carwash wastewater treatment using EC. Overall, the study confirms that combining RSM with MCDM provides a reliable approach for optimizing EC systems and selecting the most efficient electrode configuration.