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<p>This study examined the distinct and combined effects of mental and physical fatigue on prospective time perception in basketball players. Thirty-four male basketball players (22.48 ± 1.69 years) completed a repeated-measures protocol involving three conditions: mental fatigue induced by a Stroop task, physical fatigue induced by plyometric exercise, and combined mental–physical fatigue. Prospective time perception was assessed using a time reproduction task before and after each condition, with sessions separated by at least 72&#xa0;h under standardized laboratory conditions. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant main effects of fatigue and measurement time on signed time-estimation error (<i>p</i> &lt; .001), as well as a significant fatigue × time × duration interaction (<i>p</i> &lt; .001). Additional analyses showed that fatigue-related changes in absolute time-estimation error also varied according to fatigue condition, measurement time, and target duration, whereas trial-to-trial variability remained unchanged across fatigue conditions. Mental fatigue produced systematic underestimation of temporal intervals, whereas physical fatigue significantly increased signed time-estimation error only for the longest interval (24&#xa0;s). In contrast, the combined fatigue condition did not exhibit a consistent directional pattern across target durations. These findings suggest that mental fatigue and physical fatigue exert distinct effects on prospective time perception, whereas the combined condition was characterized by a less uniform pattern of temporal estimation that did not yield a consistent directional shift or increased trial-to-trial variability. Accordingly, the findings from the combined condition should be interpreted cautiously, particularly in light of the fixed-order design and the absence of a distinct, statistically robust temporal profile beyond the isolated fatigue conditions.</p>

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Distinct and combined effects of mental and physical fatigue on prospective time perception in basketball players

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Aydın Karabulak,
  • İsmail İlbak,
  • Stefan Stojanovic,
  • Cihad Onur Kurhan,
  • Miljan Hadžovic,
  • Yusuf Kurt,
  • Zhencheng Li

摘要

This study examined the distinct and combined effects of mental and physical fatigue on prospective time perception in basketball players. Thirty-four male basketball players (22.48 ± 1.69 years) completed a repeated-measures protocol involving three conditions: mental fatigue induced by a Stroop task, physical fatigue induced by plyometric exercise, and combined mental–physical fatigue. Prospective time perception was assessed using a time reproduction task before and after each condition, with sessions separated by at least 72 h under standardized laboratory conditions. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant main effects of fatigue and measurement time on signed time-estimation error (p < .001), as well as a significant fatigue × time × duration interaction (p < .001). Additional analyses showed that fatigue-related changes in absolute time-estimation error also varied according to fatigue condition, measurement time, and target duration, whereas trial-to-trial variability remained unchanged across fatigue conditions. Mental fatigue produced systematic underestimation of temporal intervals, whereas physical fatigue significantly increased signed time-estimation error only for the longest interval (24 s). In contrast, the combined fatigue condition did not exhibit a consistent directional pattern across target durations. These findings suggest that mental fatigue and physical fatigue exert distinct effects on prospective time perception, whereas the combined condition was characterized by a less uniform pattern of temporal estimation that did not yield a consistent directional shift or increased trial-to-trial variability. Accordingly, the findings from the combined condition should be interpreted cautiously, particularly in light of the fixed-order design and the absence of a distinct, statistically robust temporal profile beyond the isolated fatigue conditions.