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<p>Accurate monitoring of tree recovery in restored open-pit mines is essential for evaluating rehabilitation effectiveness and guiding post-closure management. Using the Huafeng open-pit limestone quarry (Qingyang County, Anhui Province) as a case study, we integrated 2025 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne LiDAR with 2024 UAV red, green, and blue (RGB) orthophotos to develop a cross-temporal tree extraction and forest-change assessment workflow. A 0.5&#xa0;m canopy height model (CHM) was derived from high-density LiDAR point clouds, and individual crown tops and canopy boundaries were delineated by combining local maximum detection with watershed segmentation, yielding 5,863 individual trees under predefined height and crown-size constraints. These LiDAR-derived tree objects were projected onto RGB imagery to generate training/validation labels for a You Only Look Once (YOLO)v9 detector, which was applied to 2024 orthophotos to map tree distribution and forest/non-forest patterns. The net forest increase of approximately 1.34&#xa0;ha represented a 15.8% relative increase compared with 2024. Non‑forest areas declined by 24.1%, from 5.56&#xa0;ha to 4.22&#xa0;ha. Newly established forest was concentrated on the pit‑bottom platform, terraced slopes with topsoil cover, and the former industrial site, whereas persistent non‑forest patches were predominantly associated with steep bare‑rock slopes. These contrasting spatial patterns highlight priority areas for targeted soil conservation and replanting, and demonstrate the value of multi‑source UAV remote sensing for reproducible restoration monitoring.</p>

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Tree extraction in open-pit mine restoration areas using unmanned aerial vehicle LiDAR and you only look once-based deep learning

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Shangxiao Wang,
  • Shengjun Xiao,
  • Xiaonan Niu,
  • Yanwei Sun,
  • Leli Zong,
  • Yi Liu,
  • Ming Zhang

摘要

Accurate monitoring of tree recovery in restored open-pit mines is essential for evaluating rehabilitation effectiveness and guiding post-closure management. Using the Huafeng open-pit limestone quarry (Qingyang County, Anhui Province) as a case study, we integrated 2025 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne LiDAR with 2024 UAV red, green, and blue (RGB) orthophotos to develop a cross-temporal tree extraction and forest-change assessment workflow. A 0.5 m canopy height model (CHM) was derived from high-density LiDAR point clouds, and individual crown tops and canopy boundaries were delineated by combining local maximum detection with watershed segmentation, yielding 5,863 individual trees under predefined height and crown-size constraints. These LiDAR-derived tree objects were projected onto RGB imagery to generate training/validation labels for a You Only Look Once (YOLO)v9 detector, which was applied to 2024 orthophotos to map tree distribution and forest/non-forest patterns. The net forest increase of approximately 1.34 ha represented a 15.8% relative increase compared with 2024. Non‑forest areas declined by 24.1%, from 5.56 ha to 4.22 ha. Newly established forest was concentrated on the pit‑bottom platform, terraced slopes with topsoil cover, and the former industrial site, whereas persistent non‑forest patches were predominantly associated with steep bare‑rock slopes. These contrasting spatial patterns highlight priority areas for targeted soil conservation and replanting, and demonstrate the value of multi‑source UAV remote sensing for reproducible restoration monitoring.