<p>This study aims to investigate the dynamic characteristics of dust particle deposition on cylindrical fiber surfaces, focusing on the bidirectional coupling between the evolving deposit morphology and the flow field, which is often neglected in conventional filtration models. A three-dimensional numerical framework combining the lattice Boltzmann method for fluid flow and a particle deposition algorithm was developed. The model synchronously resolves the competition between diffusion, interception, and inertial impaction for multi-scale particles under varying Peclet (<i>Pe</i>) and Stokes (<i>St</i>) numbers. The results demonstrate that particle deposition significantly alters the local flow field and pressure drop. As the <i>Pe</i> number increases, the deposition morphology transitions from a diffusion-dominated “wrapping” pattern to an inertia-dominated “branching” pattern, and finally to a “compact” structure. This morphological evolution is parameterized by the <i>Pe</i> number, which governs the balance between inertial and diffusive transport mechanisms. Furthermore, the growth of the deposit increases the effective capture area, leading to a non-linear enhancement of the capture efficiency. The present work establishes a link between dimensionless transport parameters (<i>Pe</i>, <i>St</i>) and the macroscopic deposition regime. It highlights that the feedback from deposit morphology to hydrodynamics plays a crucial role in determining filtration performance. These findings provide a physical-based understanding of the mechanism-driven morphodynamic transitions in fibrous filtration.</p>