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<p>Silver-containing wastewater from cyanide-based electroplating processes represents both an environmental burden and an underutilized resource. Conventional silver recovery methods often generate intermediate products that require further refining before reuse. This study demonstrates a proof-of-concept waste-to-material strategy in which real silver-containing electroplating wastewater was used directly as the Ag source for photodeposition onto TiO<sub>2</sub>, without adding high-purity silver precursors. Structural analyses confirmed the formation of Ag-modified TiO<sub>2</sub> with increase Ag nanoparticle sizes from 5.29 ± 3.49 to 13.19 ± 5.60&#xa0;nm, corresponding to Ag contents of 0.82, 3.54, and 8.69 wt% for Ag/TiO<sub>2</sub>-1, Ag/TiO<sub>2</sub>-2, and Ag/TiO<sub>2</sub>-3, respectively. Ag incorporation also reduced the apparent bandgap from 3.14&#xa0;eV for pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> to 2.96&#xa0;eV for Ag/TiO<sub>2</sub>-3. Under UV irradiation, all photocatalysts achieved a substantial decrease in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> viability (99.9%) at 1&#xa0;mg/mL, while Ag/TiO<sub>2</sub>-3 showed the strongest antibacterial activity at the lowest tested concentration of 0.1&#xa0;mg/mL. Consequently, Ag/TiO₂-3 was identified as the optimal composite and chosen for further mechanistic studies. These studies indicated a non-lytic killing pathway driven by enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and membrane permeabilization. This work demonstrates the feasibility of converting silver-containing industrial wastewater into functional Ag/TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalysts and support broader strategies for environmental remediation.</p>

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Synthesis of Ag/TiO2 photocatalysts via direct photodeposition of silver from industrial electroplating wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月18日

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  • Soontorn Tuntithavornwat,
  • Ainthuon Onkan,
  • Poochit Nonejuie,
  • Thanadon Samernate,
  • Naraporn Sirinonthanawech,
  • Arunachala M. Kannan,
  • Chonticha Saisawang,
  • Mali Hunsom

摘要

Silver-containing wastewater from cyanide-based electroplating processes represents both an environmental burden and an underutilized resource. Conventional silver recovery methods often generate intermediate products that require further refining before reuse. This study demonstrates a proof-of-concept waste-to-material strategy in which real silver-containing electroplating wastewater was used directly as the Ag source for photodeposition onto TiO2, without adding high-purity silver precursors. Structural analyses confirmed the formation of Ag-modified TiO2 with increase Ag nanoparticle sizes from 5.29 ± 3.49 to 13.19 ± 5.60 nm, corresponding to Ag contents of 0.82, 3.54, and 8.69 wt% for Ag/TiO2-1, Ag/TiO2-2, and Ag/TiO2-3, respectively. Ag incorporation also reduced the apparent bandgap from 3.14 eV for pristine TiO2 to 2.96 eV for Ag/TiO2-3. Under UV irradiation, all photocatalysts achieved a substantial decrease in Staphylococcus aureus viability (99.9%) at 1 mg/mL, while Ag/TiO2-3 showed the strongest antibacterial activity at the lowest tested concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. Consequently, Ag/TiO₂-3 was identified as the optimal composite and chosen for further mechanistic studies. These studies indicated a non-lytic killing pathway driven by enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and membrane permeabilization. This work demonstrates the feasibility of converting silver-containing industrial wastewater into functional Ag/TiO2 photocatalysts and support broader strategies for environmental remediation.