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<p>The coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is a critical task for ensuring fast and selective fault clearance in modern power systems. Although numerous metaheuristic optimization algorithms have been proposed for DOCR coordination, their relative performance across fundamentally different power system structures remains insufficiently understood. This study presents a sys- tematic evaluation of four recently developed metaheuristic algorithms, namely: Hippopotamus Optimization (HO), Bald Eagle Search (BES), Cloud Drift Opti- mization (CDO), and Tiki-Taka Optimization (TTO), for the DOCR coordination problem under unified protection constraints and fault scenarios. The analysis is conducted on three different power system configurations, namely the IEEE 3-bus and IEEE 15-bus radial distribution systems and a 6-bus micro- grid. Both three-phase (3PH) and single line-to-ground (L–G) fault conditions are considered. The optimization problem is formulated to minimize the total operating time of primary relays while satisfying coordination time interval (CTI) constraints between primary and backup relays. The obtained results reveal that optimization algorithm performance is strongly dependent on network characteristics. In conventional radial distribution systems, HO achieves the best overall performance, producing minimum operating times of 0.0705&#xa0;s and 0.0677&#xa0;s in the IEEE 3-bus system and 0.2678&#xa0;s and 0.2843&#xa0;s in the IEEE 15-bus system for 3PH and L–G faults, respectively. In contrast, BES provides the best performance in the investigated 6-bus microgrid benchmark, achieving operating times of 0.4246&#xa0;s (3PH) and 0.4189&#xa0;s (L–G). Statistical analyses based on multiple independent runs further confirm the robustness and consistency of the obtained results. The findings demonstrate that no single optimization algorithm can be considered universally superior across all power system environments. Instead, algorithm effec- tiveness is inherently system-dependent and closely related to network topology, fault-current characteristics, and operational complexity. In addition, CPU-time analysis and RTDS-based real-time validation provide further insight into the computational efficiency and practical applicability of the optimized relay settings. The proposed framework offers a reproducible basis for comparative evaluation and provides practical guidance for selecting suitable optimization algorithms for DOCR coordination in both distribution networks and microgrid systems.</p>

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System-dependent performance analysis of metaheuristic optimization algorithms for directional overcurrent relay coordination in distribution networks and microgrids

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • İbrahim Arslanoğlu,
  • İsmail Hakkı Altaş,
  • Heybet Kılıç,
  • Cem Haydaroğlu,
  • Josep M. Guerrero

摘要

The coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is a critical task for ensuring fast and selective fault clearance in modern power systems. Although numerous metaheuristic optimization algorithms have been proposed for DOCR coordination, their relative performance across fundamentally different power system structures remains insufficiently understood. This study presents a sys- tematic evaluation of four recently developed metaheuristic algorithms, namely: Hippopotamus Optimization (HO), Bald Eagle Search (BES), Cloud Drift Opti- mization (CDO), and Tiki-Taka Optimization (TTO), for the DOCR coordination problem under unified protection constraints and fault scenarios. The analysis is conducted on three different power system configurations, namely the IEEE 3-bus and IEEE 15-bus radial distribution systems and a 6-bus micro- grid. Both three-phase (3PH) and single line-to-ground (L–G) fault conditions are considered. The optimization problem is formulated to minimize the total operating time of primary relays while satisfying coordination time interval (CTI) constraints between primary and backup relays. The obtained results reveal that optimization algorithm performance is strongly dependent on network characteristics. In conventional radial distribution systems, HO achieves the best overall performance, producing minimum operating times of 0.0705 s and 0.0677 s in the IEEE 3-bus system and 0.2678 s and 0.2843 s in the IEEE 15-bus system for 3PH and L–G faults, respectively. In contrast, BES provides the best performance in the investigated 6-bus microgrid benchmark, achieving operating times of 0.4246 s (3PH) and 0.4189 s (L–G). Statistical analyses based on multiple independent runs further confirm the robustness and consistency of the obtained results. The findings demonstrate that no single optimization algorithm can be considered universally superior across all power system environments. Instead, algorithm effec- tiveness is inherently system-dependent and closely related to network topology, fault-current characteristics, and operational complexity. In addition, CPU-time analysis and RTDS-based real-time validation provide further insight into the computational efficiency and practical applicability of the optimized relay settings. The proposed framework offers a reproducible basis for comparative evaluation and provides practical guidance for selecting suitable optimization algorithms for DOCR coordination in both distribution networks and microgrid systems.