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<p>Lanthanides (Ln), a group of 15 rare earth elements (REEs), are critical for advanced technologies, although their conventional extraction and processing are environmentally unsustainable. Here, we present a microbial platform based on <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> KT2440 for the eco-friendly recovery and transformation of Ln, introducing a key methodological innovation: the use of a resting cell system to circumvent the pervasive issue of abiotic lanthanide–phosphate precipitation. This approach enables controlled investigation of Ln biomineralization under mild conditions. Mechanistically, the results showed that Ln recovery proceeds via rapid cell-surface adsorption, followed by surface-templated nucleation and extracellular mineralization. This process leads to the formation of well-defined biogenic nanoparticles primary identified as CePO₄ and GdPO₄. Structural analyses reveal nanorod morphologies, while functional characterization shows that CePO₄ nanoparticles retain photoluminescent properties and GdPO₄ nanoparticles preserve paramagnetic behavior. Compared to conventional chemical synthesis, this biosynthetic strategy eliminates toxic reagents and energy-intensive steps, yielding biocompatible materials with controlled size and morphology. Our findings establish <i>P. putida</i> KT2440 as an efficient and sustainable platform for Ln recovery and functional nanoparticle production, providing a foundation for scalable green alternatives to traditional Ln processing.</p>

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Biosynthesis of cerium and gadolinium nanoparticles by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 enables sustainable rare earth elements utilization

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Paz García-García,
  • Elena Alonso-Fernandes,
  • Cristina Serrano-Pelejero,
  • Andrés González-Vega,
  • Laura Castro,
  • Adrián Rodríguez,
  • Eduardo Díaz,
  • Manuel Carmona

摘要

Lanthanides (Ln), a group of 15 rare earth elements (REEs), are critical for advanced technologies, although their conventional extraction and processing are environmentally unsustainable. Here, we present a microbial platform based on Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for the eco-friendly recovery and transformation of Ln, introducing a key methodological innovation: the use of a resting cell system to circumvent the pervasive issue of abiotic lanthanide–phosphate precipitation. This approach enables controlled investigation of Ln biomineralization under mild conditions. Mechanistically, the results showed that Ln recovery proceeds via rapid cell-surface adsorption, followed by surface-templated nucleation and extracellular mineralization. This process leads to the formation of well-defined biogenic nanoparticles primary identified as CePO₄ and GdPO₄. Structural analyses reveal nanorod morphologies, while functional characterization shows that CePO₄ nanoparticles retain photoluminescent properties and GdPO₄ nanoparticles preserve paramagnetic behavior. Compared to conventional chemical synthesis, this biosynthetic strategy eliminates toxic reagents and energy-intensive steps, yielding biocompatible materials with controlled size and morphology. Our findings establish P. putida KT2440 as an efficient and sustainable platform for Ln recovery and functional nanoparticle production, providing a foundation for scalable green alternatives to traditional Ln processing.