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<p>We report a scalable fabrication strategy for flexible piezoelectric nanofiber transducers through a single-nozzle, self-assembling electrospinning process. Unlike traditional coaxial methods, this approach exploits the surface energy differential between polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to drive the spontaneous formation of a core-shell architecture. The resulting 80&#xa0;nm diameter fibers feature a predominantly crystalline β-phase PVDF shell, with molecular chains oriented along the [001] fibers axis, encapsulating a perfectly aligned MWCNT core that serves as an integrated internal electrode. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis confirms a five-fold increase in β-phase content relative to as-received PVDF powder, with a total crystallinity of 52% in the electrospun nanofibers. This unique coaxial configuration enables the demonstration of both direct and inverse piezoelectric effects in a single-step manufactured nanofiber device, without any post-fabrication electrical poling. The manufactured device yields an effective piezoelectric voltage coefficient of g<sub>eff</sub> = 0.22&#xa0;V.m.N⁻¹, comparable to values reported for fully poled bulk PVDF films, and an effective piezoelectric strain coefficient of d<sub>eff</sub> = 2.8 pC.N⁻¹ under electrical excitation. The flexible, continuous nanofiber format, ten times thinner than spider silk, opens exciting possibilities for self-powered sensing, smart textiles, artificial skin, and structural health monitoring applications.</p>

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Self-assembly of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and carbon nanotubes into flexible piezoelectric nanofiber transducers

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Cherif M. Azzaz,
  • Nicole R. Demarquette,
  • Ricardo J. Zednik

摘要

We report a scalable fabrication strategy for flexible piezoelectric nanofiber transducers through a single-nozzle, self-assembling electrospinning process. Unlike traditional coaxial methods, this approach exploits the surface energy differential between polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to drive the spontaneous formation of a core-shell architecture. The resulting 80 nm diameter fibers feature a predominantly crystalline β-phase PVDF shell, with molecular chains oriented along the [001] fibers axis, encapsulating a perfectly aligned MWCNT core that serves as an integrated internal electrode. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis confirms a five-fold increase in β-phase content relative to as-received PVDF powder, with a total crystallinity of 52% in the electrospun nanofibers. This unique coaxial configuration enables the demonstration of both direct and inverse piezoelectric effects in a single-step manufactured nanofiber device, without any post-fabrication electrical poling. The manufactured device yields an effective piezoelectric voltage coefficient of geff = 0.22 V.m.N⁻¹, comparable to values reported for fully poled bulk PVDF films, and an effective piezoelectric strain coefficient of deff = 2.8 pC.N⁻¹ under electrical excitation. The flexible, continuous nanofiber format, ten times thinner than spider silk, opens exciting possibilities for self-powered sensing, smart textiles, artificial skin, and structural health monitoring applications.