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<p>Drought perturbs water potential in the plants, causing oxidants accumulation and impairing cellular functions. The mineral nutrients are critical for adjusting water potential and modulating antioxidant activity and photosynthesis. This work investigated the impact of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and chitosan (CS) on six key nutrients (Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe) in leaves of spinach under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought. The 3-leaved seedlings were irrigated with PEG (5%, 10%, and 15%) and one-day later treated by foliar spray of SNP (25 and 50 µM) and CS (15 and 30&#xa0;mg/L). The physiological responses were studied by measuring the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and nutrients using UV/Vis spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Increasing drought intensity enhanced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents. Drought stress increased Na, K, and Mg and decreased Ca and P. Iron remained constant due to its dual function in catalyzing oxidants and in activating antioxidant enzymes and photosynthesis. The SNP and CS applications enhanced photosynthesis and alleviated oxidative stress by enhanced production of phenolics and carotenoids. The elicitors caused higher Ca, P and Fe, and lower Na, K and Mg than those of non-elicited controls. Co-application of both elicitors caused the highest Fe, accompanied by the highest chlorophylls. The intricate interplay between six nutrients were critical to minimize oxidative damage and to improve photosynthetic performance. Overall, the Fe, Mg and Ca interplay were important for photosynthetic performance and antioxidant activity. Moreover,&#xa0;the Na, K and P interplay is essential for osmotic adjustment.</p>

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Sodium nitroprusside and chitosan alleviate drought stress in spinach by modulating nutrient balance, phenolics production, and photosynthesis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Faezeh Khatami,
  • Vahid Niknam

摘要

Drought perturbs water potential in the plants, causing oxidants accumulation and impairing cellular functions. The mineral nutrients are critical for adjusting water potential and modulating antioxidant activity and photosynthesis. This work investigated the impact of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and chitosan (CS) on six key nutrients (Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe) in leaves of spinach under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought. The 3-leaved seedlings were irrigated with PEG (5%, 10%, and 15%) and one-day later treated by foliar spray of SNP (25 and 50 µM) and CS (15 and 30 mg/L). The physiological responses were studied by measuring the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and nutrients using UV/Vis spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Increasing drought intensity enhanced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents. Drought stress increased Na, K, and Mg and decreased Ca and P. Iron remained constant due to its dual function in catalyzing oxidants and in activating antioxidant enzymes and photosynthesis. The SNP and CS applications enhanced photosynthesis and alleviated oxidative stress by enhanced production of phenolics and carotenoids. The elicitors caused higher Ca, P and Fe, and lower Na, K and Mg than those of non-elicited controls. Co-application of both elicitors caused the highest Fe, accompanied by the highest chlorophylls. The intricate interplay between six nutrients were critical to minimize oxidative damage and to improve photosynthetic performance. Overall, the Fe, Mg and Ca interplay were important for photosynthetic performance and antioxidant activity. Moreover, the Na, K and P interplay is essential for osmotic adjustment.