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<p>Samarium-doped nickel oxide (NiO-Sm) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using <i>Raphanus sativus</i> leaf extract as a green reducing and capping agent. NiO nanoparticles showed a characteristic UV–Vis absorption peak at 220&#xa0;nm with additional bands at 280–322&#xa0;nm, while Sm doping induced a bathochromic shift to 230&#xa0;nm and FTIR confirmed metal-oxygen bonding (Sm-O and Ni-O). XRD analysis revealed NiO as the dominant phase with minor cubic Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> features, and SEM images showed irregular, agglomerated nanoparticles with porous, loosely packed structures in the nano-to-micron range. The Photocatalytic activity of malachite green (MG) dye was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with three factor Box-Behnken design, evaluating the effects of reaction time, pH, and catalyst dosage. Under optimized conditions (75&#xa0;min, pH 8, and 30&#xa0;mg/L catalyst) the NiO-Sm NPs achieved 99% degradation efficiency, in good agreement with the predicted 98% (desirability = 1.0). Statistical validation using ANOVA confirmed the model’s reliability with a high F value (49.90), (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001), and strong correlation coefficients R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9201, adjusted R<sup>2</sup>d = 0.9017, predicted R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8336). The enhanced degradation potential under alkaline conditions was due to increased hydroxyl radical generation and favorable electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged catalyst surface and cationic dye molecules. In addition to photocatalysis, NiO-Sm NPs exhibited promising electrochemical sensing for ascorbic acid detection. These findings demonstrate the NiO-Sm NPs as a dual functional nanomaterial with excellent potential for environmental remediation of organic pollutants as well as electrochemical sensing applications.</p>

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A green synthesis of Sm doped NiO nano catalyst as dual functional material for photocatalytic degradation and electrochemical sensing

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Arfaa Sajid,
  • Qaisar Manzoor,
  • Rida Javed,
  • Arooj Fatima,
  • Muhammad Aamir Ali Shehzada,
  • Anam Sajid,
  • Ayesha Sadiqa,
  • A. Ahmad,
  • Giuseppe Mele

摘要

Samarium-doped nickel oxide (NiO-Sm) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using Raphanus sativus leaf extract as a green reducing and capping agent. NiO nanoparticles showed a characteristic UV–Vis absorption peak at 220 nm with additional bands at 280–322 nm, while Sm doping induced a bathochromic shift to 230 nm and FTIR confirmed metal-oxygen bonding (Sm-O and Ni-O). XRD analysis revealed NiO as the dominant phase with minor cubic Sm2O3 features, and SEM images showed irregular, agglomerated nanoparticles with porous, loosely packed structures in the nano-to-micron range. The Photocatalytic activity of malachite green (MG) dye was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with three factor Box-Behnken design, evaluating the effects of reaction time, pH, and catalyst dosage. Under optimized conditions (75 min, pH 8, and 30 mg/L catalyst) the NiO-Sm NPs achieved 99% degradation efficiency, in good agreement with the predicted 98% (desirability = 1.0). Statistical validation using ANOVA confirmed the model’s reliability with a high F value (49.90), (p < 0.0001), and strong correlation coefficients R2 = 0.9201, adjusted R2d = 0.9017, predicted R2 = 0.8336). The enhanced degradation potential under alkaline conditions was due to increased hydroxyl radical generation and favorable electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged catalyst surface and cationic dye molecules. In addition to photocatalysis, NiO-Sm NPs exhibited promising electrochemical sensing for ascorbic acid detection. These findings demonstrate the NiO-Sm NPs as a dual functional nanomaterial with excellent potential for environmental remediation of organic pollutants as well as electrochemical sensing applications.