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<p>Understanding the interactions between zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) is essential for optimizing plant nutrition in vegetable crops, yet species-specific responses to varying levels of these micronutrients remain poorly characterized. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize Mn and Zn concentrations in the nutrient solution for sand-culture-grown <i>Raphanus sativus</i> (radish) and <i>Beta vulgaris</i> (red beet). To this end, three levels of Mn (0.05, 2, and 4&#xa0;mg L⁻¹) and Zn (0.5, 5, and 10&#xa0;mg L⁻¹) in modified Hoagland solution applied to a sand-culture system were evaluated in terms of their effects on chlorophyll content, plant performance, and nutrient composition. Results showed that higher Zn concentrations generally enhanced chlorophyll content and tuber biomass yield in both species, with increases up to 16.4% in chlorophyll and 95.7% in yield for radish, and 12.4% in chlorophyll and 90.5% in yield for red beet at optimal Zn-Mn combinations. Red beet demonstrated consistently higher chlorophyll content and greater biomass production than radish across treatments. Micronutrient accumulation patterns revealed notable species differences, with red beet leaves accumulating substantially higher Zn (up to 188.4&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> DW) and Cu (up to 162.8&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> DW) compared to radish (87.5 and 11.5&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup> DW, respectively), while radish maintained higher Fe concentrations in both leaf and tuber tissues. Increasing Mn supply levels reduced Zn accumulation in both species, while high Zn concentrations generally suppressed Cu and Fe accumulation. Macronutrient distribution also displayed species-specific patterns, with red beet maintaining higher K concentration in tubers (2.8–3.8&#xa0;g kg<sup>− 1</sup> DW) compared to radish (1.4–2.0&#xa0;g kg<sup>− 1</sup> DW), while radish accumulated more sodium (Na) in tuber tissues. Nitrate concentrations were significantly affected by Zn-Mn interactions, with up to 6-fold differences between treatments, and high Zn generally reducing nitrate accumulation. We conclude that optimal Zn-Mn ratios are species-dependent; specifically, the combination of 10&#xa0;mg L⁻¹ Zn with 0.05&#xa0;mg L⁻¹ Mn promoted the highest tuber biomass yield and most favorable nutrient balance in both species. These results provide practical guidelines for micronutrient management in sand-culture vegetable production systems, although further validation under field conditions is warranted.</p>

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Species-specific performance and nutritional responses of radish and red beet to zinc–manganese in sand culture

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Farhad Behtash,
  • Mitra Pashaei,
  • Zahra Beizaei,
  • Hanifeh Seyed Hajizadeh,
  • Ghasem Eghlima,
  • Rufayi Karatas,
  • Ozkan Kaya

摘要

Understanding the interactions between zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) is essential for optimizing plant nutrition in vegetable crops, yet species-specific responses to varying levels of these micronutrients remain poorly characterized. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize Mn and Zn concentrations in the nutrient solution for sand-culture-grown Raphanus sativus (radish) and Beta vulgaris (red beet). To this end, three levels of Mn (0.05, 2, and 4 mg L⁻¹) and Zn (0.5, 5, and 10 mg L⁻¹) in modified Hoagland solution applied to a sand-culture system were evaluated in terms of their effects on chlorophyll content, plant performance, and nutrient composition. Results showed that higher Zn concentrations generally enhanced chlorophyll content and tuber biomass yield in both species, with increases up to 16.4% in chlorophyll and 95.7% in yield for radish, and 12.4% in chlorophyll and 90.5% in yield for red beet at optimal Zn-Mn combinations. Red beet demonstrated consistently higher chlorophyll content and greater biomass production than radish across treatments. Micronutrient accumulation patterns revealed notable species differences, with red beet leaves accumulating substantially higher Zn (up to 188.4 mg kg− 1 DW) and Cu (up to 162.8 mg kg− 1 DW) compared to radish (87.5 and 11.5 mg kg− 1 DW, respectively), while radish maintained higher Fe concentrations in both leaf and tuber tissues. Increasing Mn supply levels reduced Zn accumulation in both species, while high Zn concentrations generally suppressed Cu and Fe accumulation. Macronutrient distribution also displayed species-specific patterns, with red beet maintaining higher K concentration in tubers (2.8–3.8 g kg− 1 DW) compared to radish (1.4–2.0 g kg− 1 DW), while radish accumulated more sodium (Na) in tuber tissues. Nitrate concentrations were significantly affected by Zn-Mn interactions, with up to 6-fold differences between treatments, and high Zn generally reducing nitrate accumulation. We conclude that optimal Zn-Mn ratios are species-dependent; specifically, the combination of 10 mg L⁻¹ Zn with 0.05 mg L⁻¹ Mn promoted the highest tuber biomass yield and most favorable nutrient balance in both species. These results provide practical guidelines for micronutrient management in sand-culture vegetable production systems, although further validation under field conditions is warranted.