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<p>The relationship between phenotypic resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides and the frequencies of knockdown resistance (<i>kdr</i>) and acetylcholinesterase (<i>ace-1</i>) target-site mutations was investigated in four field strains of <i>Anopheles sinensis</i> collected from high-malaria-risk areas in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Six <i>kdr</i> genotypes and six <i>ace-1</i> genotypes were identified, and the overall frequencies of resistance-associated mutations ranged from 62.1% to 96.8% for <i>kdr</i> and from 84.5% to 100% for <i>ace-1</i>. Among larvae that survived exposure to LC<sub>50</sub> concentrations of selected insecticides, resistance-associated genotypes, including Phe-Phe (TTT) in <i>kdr</i> and Gly (GGR)-Ser (YGC) in <i>ace-1</i>, were predominantly detected. Although the mean frequency of <i>ace-1</i> resistance-associated mutations was higher than that of <i>kdr</i> mutations, the difference was not statistically significant (<i>P</i> = 0.42). In contrast, bioassay results showed that the mean resistance levels to pyrethroids were significantly higher than those to organophosphates (<i>P</i> = 0.006). Correlation analyses revealed no statistically significant association between <i>kdr</i> mutation frequency and pyrethroid resistance or between <i>ace-1</i> mutation frequency and organophosphate resistance. These findings suggest that resistance-associated target-site mutations are widespread in <i>An. sinensis</i> populations from high-malaria-risk areas near the DMZ, but their frequencies alone do not fully explain phenotypic resistance levels. Therefore, while molecular data are useful for monitoring the distribution of resistance-associated mutations, they should be interpreted alongside bioassay results when developing insecticide resistance management strategies.</p>

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Prevalence of kdr and ace-1 mutant genes and potential insecticide resistance among four field strains of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) collected from high-malaria-risk areas in the Republic of Korea

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Kyu-Sik Chang,
  • Jiwon Kim,
  • Heung-Chul Kim,
  • Terry A. Klein,
  • Soon-Il Kim,
  • Kyung-Hwan Boo

摘要

The relationship between phenotypic resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides and the frequencies of knockdown resistance (kdr) and acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) target-site mutations was investigated in four field strains of Anopheles sinensis collected from high-malaria-risk areas in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Six kdr genotypes and six ace-1 genotypes were identified, and the overall frequencies of resistance-associated mutations ranged from 62.1% to 96.8% for kdr and from 84.5% to 100% for ace-1. Among larvae that survived exposure to LC50 concentrations of selected insecticides, resistance-associated genotypes, including Phe-Phe (TTT) in kdr and Gly (GGR)-Ser (YGC) in ace-1, were predominantly detected. Although the mean frequency of ace-1 resistance-associated mutations was higher than that of kdr mutations, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.42). In contrast, bioassay results showed that the mean resistance levels to pyrethroids were significantly higher than those to organophosphates (P = 0.006). Correlation analyses revealed no statistically significant association between kdr mutation frequency and pyrethroid resistance or between ace-1 mutation frequency and organophosphate resistance. These findings suggest that resistance-associated target-site mutations are widespread in An. sinensis populations from high-malaria-risk areas near the DMZ, but their frequencies alone do not fully explain phenotypic resistance levels. Therefore, while molecular data are useful for monitoring the distribution of resistance-associated mutations, they should be interpreted alongside bioassay results when developing insecticide resistance management strategies.